The Importance of Diagnosing and Treating Inmates With Mental Illness

In the early and mid 1900s the U.S went through a period know as deinstitutionalization, where patients in mental facilities were reintroduced into society. This movement was sparked by the introduction of antipsychotic drugs and the lack of funding to house and maintain mentally tired of(p) patients. This was to help not only the financial restraints of the government solely to help each of the patients within the facilities by giving them the ability to live a fulfilling life without confinement. In the last few decades changes in the United States discriminative system such(prenominal) as mandatory prison sentences, longer prison terms, and more restrictive release policies have lead to an exponential increase in the number of inmates located within the jails and prisons. Currently, there ar more than two million individuals incarcerated in the United States. Psychiatric illnesses within correctional populations argon likewise higher compared with the general population. Curr ently more than half of all inmates have a diagnosis of a mental illness. Correctional facilities are legally obligated to diagnosis and kickshaw the medical and mental health needs of the individuals committed to them. As a result, more psychologists and psychiatrists are practicing in jails and prisons. musical composition the act of deinstitutionalization was to help people with mental illness live fulfilling lives it seems to have made a full circle back to institutionalization. This paper will deal the view points of how the current system is inadequate in all areas and must have a complete overhaul so that mentally ill prisoners are not lost in the system, how the current U.S prison system adequately diagnosis and treats prisoners suffering from mental illness, and how the current system is... ...on is underdeveloped, funding for correctional facilities to house, diagnose, and treat inmates with mental illness is lacking, and finally the ratio of psychologists to inmates i s such that there is a definite need for incentives so that psychologists are willing to work in such facilities.Works CitedBurns, K. (2011, February). Psychiatry behind bars Practicing in jails and prisons. Current Psychiatry, 10(2), 15-20. Retrieved from http//www.currentpsychiatry.com/pdf/1002/1002CP_Article1.pdfLamb, H. R. (2009, January). Reversing criminalization Editorial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 8-10. Retrieved from http//ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/short/166/1/8NCCHC (2008, August). Managing mentally ill inmates in prisons. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(8), 913-927 . Retrieved from http//cjb.sagepub.com/content/35/8/913.shortcited-by

Abortion Essay -- essays research papers

ABORTIONAbortion, in my opinion, has been wizard of the largest debataable issues in American Society. There are so many aspects and views to examine before one can even begin to form their own opinion. In order to discuss an important issue such as miscarriage, we must first see what it means. Abortion is the ending of a pregnancy before the fetus has developed and grown enough to live outdoor(a) the m early(a). When abortion happens naturally before the twentieth week it is called a spontaneous abortion, or miscarriage. If it happens naturally after the 20th week it is termed a late fetal death or a liquid birth. An abortion caused by a medical procedure is called an induced abortion. Most induced abortion are performed in the first trimester or first 12 weeks after conception.The abortion debate seems like an unresolable conflict of rights. The right of women to instruction their own bodies, and the right of children to be born. In the United States abortion became legal in 1 973. Recently, courts have upheld the right of a woman to have an abortion, and as a result, has caused many heated debates. The opposing abortion groups are refered to as pro-life and pro-choise. The plurality who refer to themselves as pro-choise belive the woman has the right to choose for herself whether to have an abortion. It has nothing to do with the humanity of the fetus but is entirely about the womans freedom. They say every persoon has the right to live and move in freedom. A pregnant woman and her unborn child are one and the law should protect the womans right. They most often refer to the embryo as nothing a blob. Saying that the fetus is not alive because it can not live outside the womans womb. Furthermore they gone as far as saying the world is already over-populated. They claim abortion is a personal choice. Therefore an abortion is confirm if the mother wants an abortion. Whereas pro-life people belive that destroying a human life is morally wrong and should be restricted. Their belive that the loss of ones life is one of the superlative losses one can suffer. The loss of ones life deprives one of all the experiences, activities, and enjoyments that would otherwise have constituted ones future. In their eyes abortion is a sin. They claim that human lives are being taken at a rate of 1.5 million a year for convenience.Is abortion right or... ...he already has all the children she wants. Also she could be very young and her parents do not want her to have the baby. Abortions under these circumstances are correspondent because its the deliberate taking of a life just for convenience..I belive a pregnant woman should seek counseling and advice before making a decision to have an abortion. Counseling early in the pregnancy is important for a positive outcome regardless of whether the pregnancy will continue or an abortion is chosen There is other options for instance the baby could be given up for adoption. Besides if you know you have had unpotected sex there is taking into custody contraception methods available to prevent pregnancy up to 72 hours after the unprotected sex accoured. There are so many birth control methods currently available for there to be any unwanted pregancies. With one exception for pregnancies tresulting from rape or incest. I feel in my heart that a human life should not be sacrificed because it is a gift from God. This is only my opinion. There are alot of arguments regarding abortion. They all provide food for thought. If you want to hear other arguments just bring up the subject at your next family gathering.

The Writings of John Updike :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Writings of John Updike John Updikes hyrax books tell the story of a man whose life is in constant turmoil. Harry coney Angstroms downward spiral started the day his senior basketball season ended. lapin was a basketball jock he knew nothing else. He married his senior high school school sweetheart more out of convenience than love and worked in the same printing press as his father. Rabbit couldnt character the working world, couldnt face his parents, and couldnt face his wife and son. He was constantly caught somewhere in the middle ground between righteousness and sinful pleasure. Rabbits mind was constantly wandering, searching for something he could h gray on to, something that would remain constant through the thick and thin of life. He needed another basketball. Rabbits life is the perfect model for a casing study on how not to live. Anything appealing that entered his mind, he did it. Rabbit cheated on his wife, ignored his mother, was unaffected when his wife left him, took up with an eighteen year old girl when he was well into his thirties and did not attempt to hide any of it from his twelve year old son, Nelson. Rather than getting tough when times were hard, Rabbit ran. He ran from a pregnant wife, Janice, from Nelson who was then twelve, from employment, from his parents, from everything. Rabbit practiced the opposite of perseverance. When life wasnt going well, Rabbit s signify moved on to something else. Rabbit matters because he was so wrong. Our thoughts often mimic Rabbits actions. But Rabbit takes the heat for us. His twisted, perverse life shows us that the choices he made were the wrong ones. Not to imply that he was in any way godly, but like Jesus, Rabbit suffered for our sins. How many times do we find ourselves bored in life, wishing that we could safe move on to something else, give up and start over? Each time we do, we can remember Rabbit. Rabbit reminds us that without work, life is not fulfilling. He shows us that y ou cant start over, that you can never leave your life behind. Rabbit shows us that we have to live with our mistakes, that we cant just act like they never happened. Rabbit tries to run, but he cant. He reminds us that people dont just forget and move on.

The Progress of Human Rights Reform in Turkey Essay example -- Politic

The Progress of Human Rights Re pattern in Turkey Throughout the last half-century of American politics, the Presidents of the United States have been more susceptible to human beings attack and scorn than ever before in our history. Through events such as Nixons Watergate, Clintons impeachment, and the Bush wars the public has voiced scathing criticism of our national leaders without fear of personal harm. People in America know that they can openly criticize anyone and anything in our country including our president or the pillars of our countrys history like Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, or even our first president George Washington. Americans do not think much more or less human rights because they are interlaced into the very fabric of our society. However, such rights and freedoms are not afforded to all people, and in some countries, like Turkey, a person could be killed or tortured for simply criticizing their government. Turkey is an interesting nation because in many ways it represents the divide between Western Judeo-Christian societies and Middle eastern Islamic societies. In fact, since the beginning of the 1900s, Turkey has always been the place where Europe trails off, and another reality, another world begins.i As a result, it possesses many different tenets that form an amalgam within their culture, government, and everyday life. For many years Turkey and human rights were tantamount to oil and water so in order to examine their build up we must consider the short history of Turkey as a country, Turkey?s current status, and the impact of the European Union.Turkey?s picture history ?Since being founded on July 24, 1923 by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the self-proclaimed ?Father of the Turks?, Turkey?s ... ...ic, p.96.xiii Kilic, p.97.xiv Richard F. Nyrop ed., Turkey a Country Study (Washington American, 1980), p. 188.xv Kilic, p. 98.xvi Pope, p. 152.xvii Pope, p. 152.xviii Kilic, p. 99.xix Kilic, p. 95.xx Kilic, p. 101.xxi Great-if they really happen Turkey?s reforms, The Economist, August 10, 2002, pNA.xxii Great-if they really happen Turkey?s reforms.xxiii Turkey?s human rights, The Economist, September 4, 1999, p. 50. xxiv Owen Matthews and Sami Kohen, Glasnost in the Air, Newsweek International, July 14, 2003, p. 33.xxv Matthews and Kohen, p. 33.xxvi Matthews and Kohen, p. 33.xxvii Matthews and Kohen, p. 33.xxviii Great- if they really happen Turkey?s reforms.xxix Romano, p.12.xxx Matthews and Kohen, p. 33.xxxi Pope, p. 256.xxxii Kilic, p. 104.

A Career in Electrical Engineering Essays -- Papers

A Career in Electrical EngineeringChoosing the right career can soaked the difference between being satisfied and being disappointed with my life. Many factors can influence the career that I may sire for the rest of my life. A decision that I am going to make at the young age of nineteen will bear a major impact on the next ten years if non the rest of my life. In order to make the best decision possible for my future I have persistent, if not forced, to research a career of interest to me. The two major career choices I have been interested in for the past few years have been engineer and teaching. I have already done researched teaching so I decided to research engineering science. there are many different types of engineering so I decided to pick the one most interesting to me. Electrical engineering is the career field I have selected to investigate. Engineering is something my parents have urged me to consider. Since a young kid I have been interested in building things . I use to tell my parents I wanted to be an craftsman and build a time machine. Legos were my favorite toy growing up, and I have always been exceptionally good in maths. Since my freshmen year in lofty school I have been interested in becoming a teacher, but during my freshmen year in college I was becoming more and more cognisant of the amount of money lower level teachers made. Many people were recommending engineering as a possible career option so I decided to look into it. Since I have always found electricity to be cool I decided to learn more close electrical engineering as a future career field. The Dictionary of Occupational Titles code for electrical engineering is 003.061-010, while the Guide for Occupational Exploration code is 05.01.01. There is anot... ... edge as an electrical engineer or whatever occupation I choose to enter.I feel very satisfied with the information I obtained. At times I was bored in this class being the only male, and having to listen to a bunch of females whine over stuff I didnt care about. With regards to electrical engineering I leaned that electrical engineering is boring, and does not seem like an occupation I would enjoy. The people I talked to about engineering were happy with their jobs but were also nerds. I think I should really consider teaching as a possible career choice. Therefore, I am not certain about the career choices I have made. I think I will try to major in math and become a math teacher I can always change my major if I am not happy with how things are going. I have learned that my happiness will be increased with better career satisfaction versus monetary gain.

A Career in Electrical Engineering Essays -- Papers

A Cargoner in Electrical engineeringChoosing the right charge puke mean the difference between being satisfied and being disappointed with my life. Many factors can influence the career that I may give way for the heartsease of my life. A decision that I am going to make at the young age of nineteen will have a major touch on on the next ten eld if not the rest of my life. In order to make the best decision possible for my future I have decided, if not forced, to research a career of interest to me. The two major career choices I have been interested in for the past few years have been engineering and teaching. I have already done researched teaching so I decided to research engineering. There are many variant types of engineering so I decided to pick the one most interesting to me. Electrical engineering is the career field I have selected to investigate. Engineering is something my parents have urged me to consider. Since a young kid I have been interested in building things . I use to tell my parents I wanted to be an inventor and build a time machine. Legos were my favorite toy growing up, and I have always been exceptionally good in math. Since my freshmen year in high school I have been interested in becoming a teacher, but during my freshmen year in college I was becoming more than and more aware of the amount of money lower level teachers made. Many people were recommending engineering as a possible career option so I decided to look into it. Since I have always found electricity to be cool I decided to learn more about galvanic engineering as a future career field. The Dictionary of Occupational Titles computer code for electrical engineering is 003.061-010, while the Guide for Occupational Exploration code is 05.01.01. There is anot... ... edge as an electrical engineer or whatever occupation I choose to enter.I feel very satisfied with the culture I obtained. At times I was bored in this class being the only male, and having to listen to a bunch of females whine over twitch I didnt care about. With regards to electrical engineering I leaned that electrical engineering is boring, and does not seem like an occupation I would enjoy. The people I talked to about engineering were happy with their jobs but were also nerds. I think I should really consider teaching as a possible career choice. Therefore, I am not certain about the career choices I have made. I think I will try to major in math and become a math teacher I can always change my major if I am not happy with how things are going. I have learned that my happiness will be increased with better career satisfaction versus monetary gain.

Analysis “On Being Human” Essay

C.S. Lewis gets straight to the point in his first lines, particularly with the first two row angelic minds. Readers will discern immediately that Lewis is going to discuss the concept of experience from the stall of supernatural non-human beings such as angels. Readers whitethorn also guess, by comparing this idea to the poems title On Being Human, that he intends to go on to compare this idea with our experience of the world from the implied lowliness of mankinds perspective.Students may wonder where the latter implication comes from, and in this, at the beginning of the poem at least, C.S. Lewis is no help at all in referring to a sable they who apparently hold that angels use intelligence alone to comprehend the forms of nature, not needing the added senses enjoyed by more sensate humankind. Some readers may be reminded here of the uncivilized battles between the angels and demons of Milton or the arrows of desire of Blake. Indeed the nature of love and its forms was thorough ly explored and analysed elsewhere in the Four Loves by C.S. Lewis himself. As he outlines his argument in the next few lines, readers are left wondering which way Lewis is going to go with this.They may wonder which dimension of experience the poet will say is dress hat intelligence or sensory experience? Here, the idea of an enigma or puzzle gives the poem drive and suspense as students read on to take care out what happens next. Initially C.S. Lewis presents, and continues to develop, the theory that those with purely spiritual, non sensual minds can unerringly discern crucial timeless truths, the verities, through intelligence alone, without recourse to the five senses. reality either lack knowledge of these truths or have come to learn them indirectly through the implied less satisfactory means of sensual experience. Truths of nature be to be given particular weight by Lewis here as he tells readers of earthness and stoneness that can be perceived by angels from their clea r uncluttered viewpoint uncluttered by the supposed inferior extraneous baggage of mortal sensate feelings and experiences.Both in Lewiss use of the word unvarying and in his use of the word unerringly in the opening lines, some readers may pick up echoes of the popish Catholic belief in the infallibility of the Pope and the watertight adherence to doctrine of the Roman Catholic church even in the face of calls for relaxation and modernisation by common popular dissent. This serves to reinforce the design of the fundamental nature of ancient truths. Being human, Lewis seems to ponder, may result in a clouding of the vision of fundamental principles by a veil or a muddled fog of distracting sensual experiences. It is at this point that the reader may perceive a divergence in Lewiss view with that of the poets, theologians and philosophers of the they in his initial lines. In his list of the understanding of the notion of being, of existence, being human is left outThe angels app ear to understand the scientific principles of the beauty of nature, the properties of a manoeuver for example, or the evaporatory properties of the sea, but their achievements in the field of understanding human existence are not mentioned. C.S. Lewis thusly sketches, with exquisite delicacy, the human experience of the blissful nip of shade as relief from the blistering unrelenting glare of the sun and, next, the severance of sun from shadow where the trees begin. This use of the word severance also serves to jell the point where Lewis breaks faith temporarily with the they of the first lines as he introduces humor, remarking that an angel has no skin and therefore (presumably) no conduit for the sense of touch.Then follows a serial publication of ravishing images, deftly painted by Lewis, of the drinking-in of experiences of natures loveliness such as the sweetness of a peach basking in the warmth of a sunlit wall or the delightfully natural fragrances of the countryside. He re Lewis picks up again the comical atmosphere that underlies the conversational narrative style of the poem, adding that angels are uneffective to appreciate the delights of the fragrance of the field, new mown hay, the sea smells and the therapeutic incense of wood smoke. With humor he bluntly posits that an angel has no noseThe poet then appears to struggle between two possibilities firstly that angels get the best deal as they are not burdened with the five confusing senses. Conversely, he wonders whether military personnel are the better off of the two beings. After all, they are guarded from the shock of perceiving the whole of existence the heavens at once, because mankinds distracting senses veil the truth of it.Crucially, in terms of understanding Lewiss own opinion on the subject, the poet draws attention to the way in which God himself may want us to have one small area of our personalities devoted to appreciating the environment through our senses. Perhaps in so doin g we are the better able to comprehend the skip scale of the wonders of nature and sense that He has provided for our happiness. The angels with their cold intelligence may be unable to profoundly appreciate, thank and love God to the full. Indeed, some lines from the Roman Catholic church service, The Mass, may spring to mind when reflecting upon the benefits this being human has in our relationship with God the lines refer to a Christ who low-spirited himself to share in our humanity. As Lewis puts it, we share a privacy that is forever ours, not theirs.

Depreciation and Useful Life

Buildings, machinery, equipment, furniture, fixtures, computers, outdoor lighting, parking lots, cars, and trucks are examples of assets that will last for more than one year, but will not last indefinitely. Over time, these assets depreciate. disparagement is defined as a non-cash write off that reduces the value of an asset as a result of physical or functional factors over time. Therefore, the costs of the mulish assets should be recorded as an expense over their useful lives, since they depreciate and must be replaced once the end of their useful brio is reached.Physical disparagement factors include wear and tear during use or from world exposed to such things as weather. Functional depreciation factors include obsolescence or changes in guest needs that cause the asset to no longer provide services for which it was intended or needed. When it comes to computing depreciation, there are three factors that determine the depreciation expense for a fixed asset the assets initi al cost, evaluate useful life, and estimated respite value. And there are also three polar ways to calculate depreciation the straight line method, the units-of-production method, and the double-declining-balance method.The straight-line method of depreciation provides the same amount of depreciation expense for each year of the assets useful life, and is known to be the most commonly used method of calculating depreciation. The units-of-production method of depreciation provides the same amount of depreciation expense for each unit of production. Based on what the asset is, the units-of-production method can be expressed in terms of quantity produced, miles, hours, etc. and is lots used when the fixed assets in service time or use varies from year to year.The double-declining-balance method of depreciation provides for a declining periodic expense over the expected useful life of the asset. The double-declining-balance method shows a higher depreciation in the first year of the assets use, followed by declining depreciation amounts in the age following, which is why this method is also referred to as an accelerated depreciation method. There are several different types of assets that depreciate over time. Depreciation refers to fixed assets, which subsist physically, thus making them tangible assets.In some cases, there are assets that do not depreciate. An example of an asset that does not depreciate would be dirt since it has an unlimited useful life. If land has a limited useful life, as is the case with a quarry, then it is acceptable to depreciate it over its useful life. one and only(a) example of an asset that would depreciate would be a MacBook Pro laptop. This is an asset that I would use the straight-line method for being that while computers and technology are evermore changing devices such as MacBook Pros seem to consistently hold their value.Lets say you purchased the MacBook Pro for $2800 with an expected useful life of 5 years and an e stimated residual value of $700, according to the straight-line method of depreciation, it would be calculated as Annual Depreciation = Cost Residual determine = $2800-$700 = $420. 00 multipurpose life 5 Another example of an asset that would depreciate over time would be a vehicle. This is an asset that I would use the units-of-production method for being that the usage and mileage may vary from year to year.Lets say you purchased the vehicle for $59,900 that is expected to have a useful life of 95,000 miles and an estimated residual value of $19,560, and during the year the vehicle was operated 21,000 miles. According to the units-of-production method of depreciation, it would be calculated as Step 1 Depreciation per Unit = Cost Residual Value = $59,900 -$19,560 = $0. 42 per mile Total Units of Production 95,000 miles Step2 Depreciation Expense=Depreciation per unit X Total Units of Production Used Depreciation Expense = $0. 42 X 21,000 Miles = $8,820

American football and high school Essay

ball football game is life. football change everything. i paladinted break awaying football when i was eleven years old. solely before that, my father want me to sour basketball. it was non nice playing basketball for me because i do not fit on these game. Here amounts football which was introduce to me by may childishness friend. we always play a small sided game in our village and then i found out that i was serious on it. so i conditioned to play football. i have been playing football for six and a half years and now, i am in college.but football here in the Philippines is not easy organize and they do not recognize it. i do not want to end my life story as a football player and i do not want to end my career as a football player with no healthy things happened. my dream, is to go to a coun strive that organize football and to be a headmaster football player like the the young super star Cristiano Ronaldo and the like. God gave me a gift to play football and the skill to play football so i am going to use it to graze and train hard to make may dreams come true.My family offer not afford to depute me abroud to play football or to enroll me in to a football school. so i am just hoping that miracle could happen and a school or somebody would conact me and offer me a full scholarship or to shit me in to a football school . My come home number is09065885273 or you john email me at nehemiahsimmsgmail. com if you know someone who could serve me please arrange them about my situation and contact me. Becoming a professional football player is a dream of m either young men around the country. succession many dream of the opportunity only a few get to make it a reality. If youre serious about being a football player and think you have what it takes, keep reading. To amaze a professional football player, youll not only need be very good at playing football, but also to think strategically and make the best use of your talent. There are things you ca n do in both risque school and college to boost your chances of being able to join a league, including developing your skills, knowing how to perform for scouts, and choosing the right school for your skill level.You may want to count putting together a press kit to send out to college and league recruiters. If youre having trouble getting schools or leagues interested in you, you baron want to work with a sports agent as well. If you cant get into the National Football confederacy (NFL) or United Football League (UFL) immediately, then its important to try to keep playing in another one, like the Canadian Football League (CFL) or Arena Football League (AFL) or a semiprofessional league. Pre-College Experience While youre in high school, its essential to develop your physical skills and play as much as possible.Most college football players are scouted from high school groups, and getting a scholarship to play football is seen as a good indicator of talent. You can also join lo cal football leagues and camps to help develop yourself physically and build your sports resume. Make sure to find out what scouts in your area or college of choice are looking for common criteria include agility, jump height, the amount of weight you can bench press, and your 40 yard expressive style time. If possible, try to make highlight videos of yourself to send to coaches and schools, and attend any college football camps that you can.You should also start considering which colleges you want to go to while you still have a few years of high school left. Most professional leagues tend to recruit from bigger schools, but if you think youll be in over your degree or wont get any playing time, then look at smaller schools where you know you can excel. If you do end up needing to go to a smaller college, then try to choose one thats near a bigger college that gets a lot of scouts, as recruiters get outing be more likely to visit your school if theyre already in the area.You c an start looking for open tryouts at this time. Though nigh college football teams send personal invitations before allowing players to try out, some hold open tryouts for anyone interested. You can check out the teams official websites to keep updated on any information, such as the dates, venues, and other requirements and documents needed for enlistment. If you start getting a lot of media buzz or interest from colleges, you should make sure you understand the recruiting knead in your country.In the US, college football recruiting is tire oute under the National Collegiate Athletic Associations (NCAA) guidelines, which include regulations on the ways, times, and frequency with which college recruiters can contact players. They also detail the legal aspects of National Letters of Intent (NLI), which is a legally binding agreement in which a high school assimilator agrees to play for a specific college for at least one year. If you dont get any invitations or scholarship offers , then you can try to go to a school that plays in a disgrace division and work your way up, or you can try to join acollege team as a walk on. College Experience Once youre in college playing for a team, you should continue to hone your physical skills. Look for players on professional teams who are in the position you want to play, and try to get to the point where you can match their playing statistics. You should develop your sense of teamwork and character as well, as this is an important aspect to many league scouts. Its important to have a good relationship with your coach too, since many coaches know scouts and having a good recommendation from them can make a big difference in whether you get chosen or not.Similarly to when you were in high school, try to play as much as you can and generate media buzz, especially if youre from a smaller school or one that plays in a lower division. If a scout does visit your school, its crucial that you are on your best behavior before, d uring, and after practice. Besides the physical aspects, scouts look for things like how you fineness your teammates, what your relationship with your coach is like, how energetic you are during warm ups, and whether or not you have a good attitude. If you get scouting feedback thats negative, use it as an opportunity to improve.You should start thinking about what league you want to join, and educate yourself about their recruiting process and what specific things they look for in players. Though many college players accept to be drafted by the National Football League (NFL), if that doesnt happen immediately you shouldnt give up. Keep playing for any league you can so that you can keep yourself in top shape and you wont have gaps in your playing experience. Press Kit Whether youre in high school or in college, you can often benefit by having a resume or press kit that you can send to teams you want to play for.Your resume should include your basic information, the position you p lay for, and your accomplishments as a football player. A press kit, on the other hand, can include copies of articles where you or your team had been previously mentioned, photographs, and even a CD that contains a video of some of your best performances on the field. All these will help you stand out among other candidates and increase your chances of becoming a professional football player. It is important that you follow up on your submissions by calling or sending e-mails, to express your sincerity and to keep track ofyour application status. Working with an Agent You may also want to find your own sports agent who will help establish your career as a professional football player.An agent often has connections with football teams and can represent and endorse you as a competent and valuable player. He or she keeps your best interest at heart by being involved in contract and salary negotiations, pay management, and even in monitoring your practice schedules. In this way, you c an focus on honing your football skills without having to worry much about the legal and financial issues that come with being a professional athlete.How to Become a Professional Football Player Answer This Question Report as Glamorousbulb1 year agone Join your high school football team. The road to football stardom usually begins in high school. Scouts regularly check standout high school seniors, and performing well in high school is what leads to a college scholarship. Then, know and understand the game. You cant hope to be a professional football player if you dont understand how the game works from all sides. Its not just important for you to know your position, but all the positions on the field and how they work together to create the game. Next, practice.Become the best at whatever your position is. There are thousands of boys around the country who are vying for the same opportunity so the more you practice the better your chances of being a standout at your position. Also, land a scholarship to a D-1 school. If you follow Steps 1 through 3 then you will position yourself to get that all-important scholarship. If you dont get a scholarship, attend a D-1 university and walk onto the team. This makes it a lot harder to become a professional football player but your chances will be better than sitting at home uneducated. Become a standout on your college team. barely you make it onto the team you want to make sure youre one of the star players of that team. This means applying Steps 2 and 3 to your college career. Get an invite to the heighten and impress the scouts. If youve been a standout on the college team and garnered some All-American honors you may be asked to the Combine. This is your chance to impress the scouts who are responsible for drafting for the pro teams. While not getting invited doesnt mean you wont be in the NFL, it definitely increases your chances. Lastly, sit back and wait to be drafted. Your dream of being a professional footbal l player is around the corner.

Pharmacoeconomics Notes Essay

The Confessions is a work by Augustine that outlines his sinful youth and conversion to Christianity. Augustine wrote it between 397 and 401 while serving as the bishop of Hippo Regius. In his book, Augustine gives an account of his own life from birth up to that point. He then wrote about other matters such as the creation of the world, retentivity and time. A big segment of the book is spent on Augustines confession of sins that he had struggled with and how he had pled to God for deliverance from those sins. Augustine writes about his disappointment in living an immoral lifestyle. He regrets having believed in astrology and followed the Manichaean religion. He also writes about how Nebridius helped persuade him that astrology was evil and how St. Ambrose helped in his conversion to Christianity. The Confessions is finally an address by Augustine to God in which he confesses his sins, faith, and praise. Augustine says that he wrote the Confessions for a people curious to know the lives of others, moreover careless to amend their own.Augustine was witting that people loved to gossip and look deeply into the lives of others to see how they could talk down a person and ultimately make themselves feel better. Augustine knew that his writing was tone ending to be scrutinized but made it his purpose to tell the truth and demonstrate the providence of God in the life of a sinner. He didnt requisite anyone to think any better of himself than he actually was. Another purpose in writing Confessions was to create an immediate bond between his new Christian community. His colleagues were distrustful of his pagan influenced education as well as his standing as an ex-Manichee. He wanted to let them know that he was trustworthy and he did that by putting on display the worst and best of his life.In essence, Augustines life became an open book for everyone to read and get to know personally. Augustine could call for also written Confessions as an attempt to understand himself. He might have considered his enjoyment of sex and the pleasures of this world to be an unbearable weakness and he needed to confess in writing that God alone was his true love. It is obvious that Augustine is broken over his sin and it is probably something that consumed his mind. Getting this horrific yesteryear behind him was of the utmost importance and he did it through writing Confessions to God. The writing style with which Augustine writes the Confessions isamongst other things openly bold, encouraging, and without remorse.This is definitely different from modern writers who try and entomb their true inner feelings while still trying to write with meaningful style. Augustine is not trying to hold back any part of his life that he might be ashamed of. It is quite the contrary as he confidently praises the Lord and declares Gods greatness. Augustine recognizes his place as a mark of dust that vies for a place in the presence of almighty God who created the universe . He is not ashamed to speak highly of his Lord and continuously gives you a feeling that he is not satisfied until he finds his rest in God. He is encouraging throughout his book as he conveys Gods faithfulness to him even when he was deep into sin.No matter what portion of the book one reads, he or she can always take comfort in the fact that no matter how far one runs from God, He is always right there waiting for us with arms wide open. In conclusion, Augustine is so focused on God, that he has no regret in sharing his mishaps and declaring Gods forgiveness. He knows that he ran far from God but that God was right there the entire time. He feels extremely foolish but at the same time so grateful for Gods unending grace. Augustine asserts with passion that he wants to be filled by God and as a result he can truly live.

Crime and Voilence in Jamamica Essay

The Primary Factors Contributing to offensive and Violence in Jamaica. Jamaica is a society which has been affected by crime and force over the past years, and is continuously been affect by this phenomenal. Crime and rage involves the intent or use of psychological and carnal force or cause against oneself or an new(prenominal) to do harm (Hoffman, 2009). Jamaica is a country plagued by crime and violence, especially in urban areas. Jamaica since 1977 has become the Caribbean nation with the highest homicide roam in its citizenry and continues to hold this position (Harriott, 2007.) The primary contributing factors for crime and violence in Jamaica is a challenge to identify as crime and violence potty thrive in so many environments. However the proximate or primary factors can be classified as corruption, demographics, un fight, destabilized family, weak justice system, an interconnecting intercommunicate of reprehensible anchor rings, drugs running, politics and the poli ce. concord to Harriott, Demographics are a background factor which is contributing to crime and cutthroat in Jamaica. In Jamaica the age group 15-29 is held prudent for virtually of the violent crimes committed within the country. In particular males in this age group are the prime offenders, they are also prime victims. over the past years the age group 15-29 has macrocosm expanding rapidly. As a result the factor behind our high crime put is the huge state of ages 15 -29. Due to this high perpennyage in the age group 15-25 thither is an increase in juvenile and violent crime especially where there is the availability of guns. Harriott further verbalise that we currently experiencing the worst demographic factor for m 1985, and this will continue until 2020 where we are expected to see an 87 per cent dec business of its 1995 size. Urbanization is the second factor, which in order to understand the demographics factors one mustiness associate the two factors.Coming from b eing 30 per cent urban in 1960, Jamaica was about 60 per cent urban in the year 2000. There is also a process of secondary urbanization in St crowd together (3.7 per cent), Mandeville (3.1 per cent), St Ann (2.4 per cent), and Kingston and St Andrew (2.3 per cent) which had the largest percentage increase in population between 1996 and 1998. From these figures above one can say that there is a decline in the agrarian population and an increase growth for secondary urbanization, in the tourist and bauxite towns of Montego Bay, Mandeville, and Ocho Rios. All parish capitals are experiencing urbanizations as a result the high risk group (ages 15-29) is being increasingly compacted in dense, pathetic, urban neighborhoods, (Slums). This paradox points to potential for high crimes rates in Kingston and St Andrew and St Catherine, which is also exported to other developing urban centers. High rate of youth employment is also one of the leading factors of crime and violent in Jamaica. T he rate of unemployment in Jamaica is 17.5 per cent. .Unemployment in Jamaica especially among Jamaican teen leads to poverty, idleness, commencement self-esteem, frustration, and eventually crime and violence according to Don Anderson survey. Employment is seen as the way to survive so without work youths tends to be weaken and consequently this leads to idleness, which leads to badness, gang wars, and crime and violence. Youths also admits that they would have less time and energy to steal and commit other crimes if they were working. Harriott stated that in 1998 the unemployment rate for 14-29 age groups was 26.5 per cent. This rate consists of 18.9 per cent young males, and 35 per cent young females. (Anderson 1998). The unemployment rate for young males (14-29) in Kingston Metropolitan Area was 17.8 per cent in 1998, compared to 26.5 per cent in other towns and 17 per cent in rural areas.In St A Andrew and Kingston there is a pressure on young males for economic support trend baby mothers, mothers, siblings and other family members. This is one of the reasons for robbery, car theft, pick pocketing in the Corporate Area. (Gayle 1999). The high unemployment rate in other rapidly urbanizing inner-city areas such as Ocho Rios, may Pen, Mandeville, Montego Bay and Savanna-la-mar, also will lead to crime disaster as in Kingston and St Andrew. Employment is seen as very beneficiary and not been assiduous in Jamaica especially its youths can lead to crime and violence among males, and teenage pregnancy and dependency on men, abuse and domestic violence for female. Destabilized family structure including poor parenting can also be look at as a factor that contributes to crime and violence in Jamaica. Jamaican society has been often referred to as a matrifocal society.Many families are female headed households without the presence of a male figure. Children from these household manifest a number of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, including sa dness, depression, delinquency, aggression, sex role difficulties, earliest initiation of sexual activity and teen pregnancy, as well as poor kindly and adoptive functioning and low self-esteem. The absence of guidance in parental or societal role models leaves a gap which is filled by confederate groups, particular among men. According to the Grace Kennedy Foundation lecture (1991), peer group actually replaces mother and fathers as the controlling agents. Traditional role models become replaced by gun and this result in the emergence of Dons and Robin hoods. number one self-esteem is also a consequence of poor parenting. Youths with low self-esteem carve respect from peers and others, and if been disrespected this can fuel problems among individuals.Harriott however stated that countering this however is the gun, which notes the net guarantor of respect. With this in view the inner-city don become role model for youths, not only because of their ability to command and dispens e largess, but depravity is also a crucial primary factor. According to Harriott, police that reduce unjust inequalities are likely to reduce some categories of violent crime, but explore findings cast some doubts that in Jamaica they would have contribute to the murder rate due to corruption. Transparency international, measured the degree to which corruption exist among populace officials and politicians, and asseverate an annual corruption index. For 2005 Jamaica attained a score of 3.6 out of 10 and rank 64 out of 159 countries surveyed. Organizational crime in Jamaica has been facilitated by corruption, family relationship between ordinary criminal gangs and the major policy-making institutions. Harriott further stated that gangs are key players in the processes of political mobilization on the streets, securing electoral victories, and in consolidating power -often because of their hold on communities of the urban poor.This relationship leads to a flourishing of corrupti on, and plunder of the resources of the state. Corruption facilitates serious crimes, and endemic corruption, ensures the freedom of action to build winning criminal enterprises. This is most problematic and yet most evident in police service where corruption is endemic and institutionalized. From interviews which were conducted by Special Task on Crime selected JFC personnel from different ranks expressed the view that the majority of their senior officers were corrupt within the Force. Some of these corrupt practices among members of the force include Contract cleanup or murder for hire, tampering with biological exhibits, e.g. urine samples, dropping charges, including serious offenses, planting evidence, providing escort for illegal drugs etc.A weak Criminal judge System also facilitates criminal activities within the country. Where there are high levels of corruption and influence easily immunizes high-end criminals against police action. This is certainly the case in Jamaic a. Moreover, the criminal justice system is, in one respect, antiquated and overload and thus unable to effectively respond to the more sophisticated criminal groups. Harriott stated that associated institutions, including the live body of laws, are also, in some respects, antiquate for dealing with crime. The case-load of the investigative units of the police is a good indicator of the degree of immunity from law enforcement (not crime-fighting) that is enjoyed by criminals. For effectiveness, the number of investigators should be greater than the number of cases to be investigated. Instead, a single divisional homicide investigator is, for example, burdened with a case-load of twelve to fifteen homicides, and this was in 2000(PERF 2001,49).not surprisingly, in 2004, the clear-up rate for murder 9 the number of arrests as a percentage of all reported murders) was 44.8 per cent, and the clear-up rate of violent crimes, that is, the most serious offence against person (murder, shoot ings, rape and robbery aggregated) was 39.8 per cent (PIOJ2005, 24.30). For serious crimes, the clear-up rates are poor, and given the case-loads ratios, the conviction rates are unsurprisingly low. In the case of murder, the conviction rate is estimates at less than 20 per cent. As a result the justice system in Jamaica is very weak in frightening against crime. Jamaica can be described as an interconnecting network of criminal gangs, drugs running, politics and the police. Therefore Gangs, Drugs and Politics can also be discussed as primary contributing factors to crime and violence in Jamaica. There are about forty- nine active gangs in Jamaica, but only a small number (14 per cent) are highly organized.According to Harriott the highly organized gangs are deeply involved in the following activities trafficking cocaine, marijuana and crack, both locally and overseas. It is also said that there is a portentous Colombian drugs activity in Jamaica. Another major criminal activity fo r criminal gangs is protection and extortion rackets in business district in Inner-city areas. Business places even off funds to gangs in order for security, that their business and their customers are not robbed. This money is an important source of income for violent criminal gangs. According to Harriott this is extortion, which is a contributor to violent crimes in Kingston and St Andrew. It is also claimed that highly organized gangs operate a quasi-judicial system, complete with hearing witness and a rough schedule of punishment, including incarceration and the last penalty. Theses criminal gangs are also allegedly engaged in the large scale illegal importation of goods such as red peas, onions and cooking oil. Harriott stated that is may not directly constitute violent crime, nonetheless strengthens these groups economically, weakens legitimate firms, etc. major gangs are said to be connected to the major political parties.This relationship between gang and political parties stands to be beneficial to both sides. In election gangs secure votes for political parties, and keep the peace during civil disturbances, which the most important benefit for gangs from political parties is protection from police. According to Harriott the main criminal gangs and the political parties have major s form in maintaining the vivacious corrupt relationship. Jamaica has been significantly affected by violence and crime. Violent crimes are one of Jamaicas major issues, for the past twenty year. According to Harriott the country has commence an overwhelming increase in murders and related assaults. The World Bank noted that crime is undermining growth, threatening human welfare, and impeding social development. Therefore the government and citizens of Jamaica has to take serious measures to reduce or eliminate the primary factors contributing to crime and violence.According to Harriott the only long term sustainable solution to the violent crimes problem in Jamaica is t he recovery of the formal economy. Therefore the government must continue its programme of macroeconomic management. This may have short term negative social consequences, but in the end will lead to more job creation and a reduction in crime. Harriott further stated that the government must embark on a programme, however limited of formal economic activities in the inner city. The government could also develop a programme of physical upgrading in the inner city. This could involve fixing drains, improving sanitation, roads surfaces and housing, and beautification.This could add real value to properties in the inner city, as well as generating employment and improving the already and demoralizing physical environment. The failure of the educational system, for both the employed and unemployed have to be rectified also. One the government demand to find the causes of the high male drop- out rate. The NPC could also develop a special task force on education and training, and a mandat e to puzzle the necessary and urgent programme of restructuring and reprogramming. The most immediate measure which can be taken by the government is to control gun and ammunition.Reference judicature of Jamaica. (2007). National Security Policy Towards a Secure and Prosperous Nation. Kingston Government of Jamaica.Gutierrez, I. M. (2009). Development and implementation of crime and violence observatories A tool for public policy. III Inter-American forum on Violence Prevention and Citizen Security Addressing Crime and Violence in the Latin American and Caribbean Region. Kingston. Jamaica Jamaica Conference Centre.Harriott, A. D. (2008). Bending the trend line The challenge of controlling violence in Jamaica and the high violence societies of the Caribbean.Harriott, A.D.(2008). Organized Crime and Politics in Jamaica Breaking the Nexus. Kingston University of the West Indies Press.Harriott, A.D. Understanding Crime in Jamaica New challenges for public policy. Kingston University of the West Indies Press.Hoffman, J. S. (2009). Engaging citizens in crime and violence prevention Emerging approaches. III Inter- in American Forum on Violence Prevention and Citizen Security Addressing Crime and Violence the Latin American and Caribbean Region. Kingston, Jamaica Jamaica Conference Centre.McLean, J., Harriott, A., Ward, E., Buchannan, J., and Karia, R. 2008. Jamaica Community-Based Policing Assessment. Kingston Jamaica Constabulary Force and USAID.

The production and use of ATP in living organisms

Adenosine Triphosphate, also known as adenosine triphosphate, is the molecule responsible for the vigor that we, and all opposite organisms, pauperization to survive. It is put forwardd primarily in the processes of aerobic and anaerobic respiration by oxidative and substrate phosphorylation. 4 molecules of ATP are produced from 4 ADP and 4 inorganic phosphates in glycolysis in the cytoplasm of every cell, by the oxidation of a triose phosphate into cardinal molecules of pyruvate.In anaerobic respiration these are the only 4 ATP molecules produced per molecule of glucose as there is no oxygen available for the link reaction or electron transport chain to occur in the cytoplasm, or else the pyruvate molecules are reduced into either lactate in muscles or ethanol and carbonic acid gas in yeast. However 2 ATP molecules are used in the phosphorylation of glucose at the start of glycolysis so the net product of anaerobic respiration is just 2 ATP. In aerobic respiration the pyruvate molecules move into the mitochondrial matrix where they bear with the link reaction, releasing one CO2 molecule and one NADH each.This leaves two acetyl co-enzyme A molecules which enter the Krebs cycle to release another 2 CO2 molecules, 1 ATP, 3 NADH and 1 FADH each. So far we have a net production of 4 ATP (subtracting the 2 used in glycolysis). The electron transport chain is where the majority of ATP is produced. 10 NADH and 2 FADH (produced from glycolysis, link reaction and the Krebs cycle) are oxidised to NAD and FAD, releasing 12 hydrogens. These hydrogens are garbled into protons and electrons.The electrons are passed from carrier to carrier in the bilayer of the inner membrane of the mitochondrial cristae, releasing slide fastener at each one. This energy is used to pump the protons through the carriers into the intermembrane space, creating a gradient. Due to this gradient, the protons flow from the intermembrane space back into the matrix by ATP Synthase in the inne r membrane. This movement of protons allows 28 ADP and 28 inorganic phosphates to ricochet 28 ATP molecules, while the protons and electrons are left to react with oxygen to micturate H2O.Overall, respiration produces 32 ATP molecules per glucose molecule, making it a very high-octane source of energy. A small amount of ATP is also produced in photosynthesis, specifically in the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis in the thylakoids of chloroplasts. Once photoexcitation has taken place, the two electrons released from a chlorophyll molecule move along the electron transport chain, losing energy at each carrier. This energy allows ADP and inorganic phosphate to form ATP in the same way as the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration.As you can see the production of ATP is not simple, tho it is necessary due to its large number of uses in living organisms. I have already mentioned the use of ATP in glycolysis in the phosphorylation of glucose, but ATP is also require d in the light independent reactions of photosynthesis in the stroma. RuBP is converted into 2 GP molecules by the fixing of CO2. These GP molecules are consequently reduced to two GALP by the oxidation of NADPH to NADP and the energy released by the breaking down of an ATP molecule into an ADP and an inorganic phosphate.Some of this GALP is used in the making of glucose, while around of it is recycled back into RuBP again by the energy released from the breaking of a single bond in an ATP molecule to produce ADP and inorganic phosphate, thus allowing the cycle to continue. An ATP molecule is able to provide energy due to the fact that breaking bonds releases energy. But for bonds to be made, energy is required. This is a key use of ATP in living organisms as it is essential that we can synthesise certain molecules in our bodies for growth, repair and energy stores.These semisynthetic reactions can also be called condensation reactions, in which two small molecules are bonded to form one larger molecule and water, for congressman amino acids to proteins, glycerine and fatty acids to lipids, nucleic acids to DNA etc. Another more obvious use of ATP is in muscle contraction in animals to allow movement. The enzyme ATPase is released due to the atomic number 20 ions released in skeletal muscle tissues when an electrical impulse is received by the central nervous system.This breaks down ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing the energy required to pull the filaments of muscle tissues and therefore for the muscles to contract. ATP is also largely used in active transport of substances against a concentration gradient. ATP binds to a carrier protein bonded to a molecule or ion in low concentration on one side of a membrane, causing it to split into ADP and inorganic phosphate and causing the protein to change shape. This change in shape opens the protein to the other side of the membrane, releasing the molecule or ion into the higher concentration on t he other side.The phosphate is released from the protein, allowing it to return to its original shape and for ATP to again form from ADP and phosphate. An example of this in plants would be the active transport of mineral ions into the xylem from the endodermal cells in roots, creating a lower water potential in the xylem so water can move from the endodermal cells into the xylem to the be used in cells for processes such as photosynthesis. An example of active transport in animals is the absorption of glucose in the small bowel.A sodium potassium pump requires ATP to pump sodium out of the epithelial cells of the intestine and into the blood stream, against a concentration gradient. This creates a concentration gradient of sodium from the ileum to the epithelial cells, causing sodium ions to move into the epithelial cells by facilitated diffusion by a sodium glucose co-transport protein, bringing with it any glucose molecules in the intestine. These are not the only examples of wa ys in which ATP is used but they are the most common and most important ones and highlight how hugely important ATP is for all living organisms.

Assignment: Question in Mgt417 Slide Chapter 6

2012 Table of Contents disbelief 1 Differentiate among B2C and B2B electric commerce1 Question 2 Describe electronic storefronts and malls2 Question 3 angle of inclination the major issues relating to e-tailing2 Question 4 Briefly differentiate between the sell-side and the buy-side market break through3 Question 5 List 3 ethical issues and 3 legal issues in electronic commerce3 1. Differentiate among B2C and B2B electric commerce.The difference between B2B and B2C is the customer requirement. B2C foc procedures on individual customer transactions, whereas B2B focuses on other businesses as the consumer. This difference creates different needs for B2B applications. One difference between B2B and B2C is the type of order. For example, when you order office supplies or parts, you usually order the homogeneous products as well as the same amounts at fairly regular intervals. Repeat and standing orders are a common B2B requirement. Type of pay is likewise a different requirement for B2B transactions.When your company makes a purchase, you rarely use a credit card for payment. More likely, you will have varied forms of payment such as lines of credit and open orders. B2B applications are designed with these requirements in mind. Another difference is the type of search function in B2B applications. A compose to browse through is not necessarily a requirement, depending on the type of B2B purchase you want to make. When shopping for specific items, your company may benefit from a configurator and bid function rather than browsing and searching an online catalog.Lastly, the type of connection between B2B and B2C differs. When you are connecting to a B2B application to make a purchase, you are ordinarily connecting to peerless partner (a buy-side or sell side application) or several trusted partners (an e-marketplace or Trading partner agreement application). Because you are dealing with a relatively static list of trading partners, virtual private network (VPN ) technology may be used to provide secure access to selected applications deep down your firewall, thus avoiding the need to replicate data and applications outside your firewall. 2. Describe electronic storefronts and malls.Electronic Storefronts is a Web that represents a integrity store. Hundreds of thousands of electronic storefronts potbelly be bring on the Internet. Each one has its own uniform resource locator (URL), OE Internet address, at which buyers can place orders. Some electronic storefronts are extensions of natural stores such as Hermes, Sharper Image, and Wal-Mart. Others are new businesses started by entrepreneurs who saw a niche on the Web. Examplesare Restaurant. com and Alloy. com. Manufacturers for example, www. dell. com as well as retailers for example, www. officedepot. com also use storefronts.Whereas an electronic storefront represents a single store, an electronic mall, also known as cybermall or e-mall, is a collection of individual shops under a s ingle Internet address. The basic idea of an electronic mall is the same as that of a regular shopping mall to provide a one-stop shopping place that offers many products and services. Each cybermall may include thousands of vendors. For example, Microsoft Shopping or now Bing shopping, www. bing. com/shopping includes tens of thousands of products from thousands of vendors. 3. List the major issues relating to e-tailing. Channel Conflicts Conflicts within click-and-mortar organizations Order fulfillment and logistics Viability and assay of online e-tailers Identifying appropriate revenue sets 4. Briefly differentiate between the sell-side marketplace and the buy-side marketplace. Theres a few differences between between the sell-side marketplace and the buy-side marketplace. The sell-side marketplace is a model in which there are many buyers but one seller. In the sell-side marketplace model, organizations attempt to sell their products or services to other organizations electro nically.This model is similar to the B2C model in which the buyer is expected to come to the sellers site, view catalogs, and place an order. In this case, however, the buyer is an organization that may be a regular customer of the seller. The sell-side model is used by thousands of companies. Examples are major computer companies such as Cisco, IBM, and Intel. The seller in this model can be either a manufacturer, a distributor, or a retailer. Whereas the buy-side marketplace is a model in which there are many sellers but one buyer. The buy-side marketplace, also known as e-procurement, is a model in which EC technology is used to streamline the urchasing process in order to reduce the equal of items purchased. A major method of e-procurement is a reverse auction. In reverse auctions there is one buyer, who wants to buy a product or service. Suppliers are invited to show bids. The supplier that submits the lowest bid wins. Such auctions attract larger pools of willing suppliers. 5. List 3 ethical issues and 3 legal issues in electronic commerce. ethical issues 1. Free Speech 2. Privacy 3. Disintermediation Legal issues 1. Copyright 2. Cyber squatting 3. Fraud on the Internet

Equality in childcare Essay

Unit 0.3 Outcome 1Understand the importance of compargon and inclusion1a. What is meant by diversityThe term diversity means difference. multifariousness recognises that though plurality have things in common with each other, they are also different and unique in mevery ways. Diversity is about recognising and valuing those differences. Diversity consists of visible and non-visible factors, which include personal characteristics such as background, culture, personality and work-style in addition to the characteristics that are protect under variety legislation in terms of race, disability, gender, religion and belief, sexual orientation and age. By recognising and mind our several(prenominal) differences and embracing them, we seat create a productive environment in which everybody feels valued.1b. What is meant by comparabilityEquality means treating people in a way that is appropriate for their needs. This could mean if someone had feel out a disability you need to treat them in the same way as you would another person, without viewing them up but adapt the answer you provide.1c. What is meant by inclusionInclusion is about equal opportunities for in all families, whatever their age, gender, ethnicity, attainment and background. It pays particular attention to the provision made for, and the achievement of, different groups of pupils within a drill.1d. What is meant by discriminationRead more Importance of inclusive practice essayDiscrimination is the prejudicious treatment of an individual based on their membership in a certain group or category. For example, religion, skincolour.1.2 Describe ways in which discrimination may deliberately or inadvertently befall in the work setting Indirect Discrimination Indirect discrimination occurs when policies and practices, which appear fair because they are applied to everyone, but turn out to disadvantage people and particular groups within society. For example, if a vocation advertisement states th at applicants must be fit to drive then this could come in a certain people at a disadvantage, such as those with a disability. Or, for example you may have a school display every year to celebrate Christmas because the absolute majority of the children would be classed as white Christian, just if other faiths and celebrations are not represented then smaller groups could be discriminated against. confirmative Discrimination Positive discrimination is regarded as the preferential treatment of members of a minority group over a majority group, either by sex, race, age, marital status or sex orientation. So for example if you were to allow a particular less represented group of children over another to perform a task this is classed a positive discrimination.Racial Discrimination If a practitioner has particular views concerning race or even religion, these views could be used in the setting unintentionally to have a negative or positive entrance in a situation or particular chil d.Stereotypes A practitioner may intentionally or intentionally categorise children in a particular way. This could be for example, boys play with cars and girls dolls.0.3 1.3Explain how practices that support comparison and inclusion melt off the likelihood of discriminationTreating the individual fairly, on the same level and providing them with equal opportunities to housing, education, employment, transport, health and social care can help as the individual will feel valued and set fairlyand not made vulnerable or set apart. This will reduce, if not eliminate any discrimination against that individual or by that individual against others. Inclusion also is important as the individual will be aware of their rights, will feel in control and will feel back up to be able to make their own decisions and have their needs met. In turn this will reduce the risk of the individual being discriminated against or discriminating against others.In our setting with religion for example, w e strain to turn a few with our circle time sessions. Last year we did a topic on Hanukkah, a Jewish festival.0.3 2.1Legislation and codes of practice that applies to own roleThere are various pieces of legislation in place to crowd equality and reduce discrimination. These include Race Relations crook 1976 with the Public nightspot title 1986 and Racial and Religious Hatred Ac 2006. Children Act 1989 and 2004 and Care Standards Act 2000Educational Act 1981 together with E.A 1993 and 1996, Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 and Disability Discrimination Acts 1995 and 2005 Equality Act 2006Laws alone cannot change peoples attitudes, but they can help to risk the practical aspects of discrimination. The enter Of Practice for Children with SEN gives guidance on meeting the learning needs of children with special educational needs. The EYFS guidance explains how to put the EYFS in to action. Good inclusive practice that promotes equality goes beyond what the law co mmands.0.3 2.3Describe how to challenge discrimination in a way that encourages change You should never ignore or excuse such preferential behaviour any more than you would ignore or excuse someone if they inflicted physical pain on someone else. It must be addressed because if you do not respond and justlet the mishap pass you are contributing to the person feeling that it is acceptable to speak or behave that way. To promote change you need to change peoples attitude toward other races, sexuality, religion.. In our setting we try to educate our children about different culture and disabilities by doing things like having time so that children can apportion their experiences with each other, and encourage them to regard of other peoples feelings. They can share different opinions with each other and also get the opportunity to think about what it is like for other people. They are asked to think how they would feel in those persons shoes.0.3 3.1Identify a range of sources of inf ormation, advice, support about diversity, equality and inclusion It is our responsibility to protect a childs rights and to offer them fair chances in life. We need to be able to be open to new ideas in order to develop and improve the way we work. Sources we could use to pay heed with this areMy managerChildrens families and parentsSpecialist organisationsThe internet (BBC website)Books, magazines (Nursery World)Colleagues (SENCO person if you need help with a special educational needs child) EYFS and other frameworks0.3 3.2Describe how and when to access information, advice and support about diversity, equality and inclusion It is a sign of professionalism to recognise when you need additional information, advice and support. It is good to seek support, as assay alone is not good practice. Equality and inclusion are aspects of practice that are complex and can raise sensitivities. Situations can be challenging and distressing. It is important to seek support and use the experi ence as a professional learning point. For example, in my setting when I was struggling with a child who I felt needed some speech help and I didnt know where to turn, I contacted my autobus who is also SENCO trained and she organised a Speech and Language Therapy referral.

The Host Chapter 25: Compelled

A nonher week passed, maybe two-there seemed little point in keeping track of period here, where it was so irrelevant-and things moreover got stranger for me.I worked with the humans every day, however not endlessly with Jeb. w abhorver days Ian was with me, some days mendelevium, and some days only Jamie. I weeded fields, kneaded bread, and scrubbed counters. I carried water, change shape onion soup, washed clothes in the far end of the black pool, and burned my hands fashioning that acidic soap. Every adept did their part, and since I had no right to be here, I move to work twice as hard as the others. I could not earn a place, I knew that, only I tried to beat my presence as light a burden as possible.I got to k outright a little most the humans around me, mostly just by listening to them. I well-educated their names, at least. The caramel-skinned woman was named Lily, and she was from Philadelphia. She had a dry sense of humor and got a hanker well with every cardin al because she never got ruffled. The upstart man with the bristly black hair, Wes, sta cherry-red at her a lot, but she never seemed to notice that. He was only nineteen, and hed escaped from Eureka, Montana. The sleepy-eyed stick was named Lucina, and her two boys were Isaiah and Freedom-Freedom had been born right here in the caves, de humpred by Doc. I didnt see much of these three it seemed that the mother kept her children as separate from me as was possible in this limited space. The balding, red-cheeked man was Trudys husband his name was Geoffrey. They were often with another older man, Heath, who had been Geoffreys best friend since archean childhood the three had escaped the invasion to breakher. The pallid man with the white hair was Walter. He was sick, but Doc didnt k comparable a shot what was wrong with him-there was no appearance to find out, not without labs and tests, and even if Doc could make the problem, he had no medicine to treat it. As the symptoms pr ogressed, Doc was starting to infer it was a seduce of fuelcer. This pained me-to watch someone actually dying from something so easily fixed. Walter tired easily but was always cheerful. The white-blond woman-her eyes contrastingly dark-whod brought water to the others that depression day in the field was Heidi. Travis, John, Stanley, Reid, Carol, Violetta, Ruth Ann I knew all the names, at least. There were thirty-five humans in the colony, with six of them gone on the raid, Jared included. cardinal humans in the caves without delay, and one mostly unwel survey alien.I in any case learned more around my neighbors.Ian and Kyle shared the cave on my hallway with the two real doors propped over the entrance. Ian had begun bunking with Wes in another corridor in protest of my presence here, but hed moved back after just two nights. The other nearby caves had also gone vacant for a composition. Jeb told me the occupants were afraid of me, which do me laugh. Were twenty-nine r attlesnakes afraid of a solitary field mouse?Now Paige was back, next door, in the cave she shared with her partner, Andy, whose absence she mourned. Lily was with Heidi in the starting signal cave, with the flowered sheets Heath was in the second, with the duct-taped cardboard and Trudy and Geoffrey were in the third, with a striped quilt. Reid and Violetta were one cave far down the hall than mine, their privacy protected by a stained and threadbare oriental carpet.The one-fourth cave in this corridor be coarseed to Doc and Sharon, and the fifth to Maggie, but none of these three had returned.Doc and Sharon were partnered, and Maggie, in her uncommon moments of sarcastic humor, teased Sharon that it had taken the end of humanity for Sharon to find the perfect man every mother destinyed a doctor for her daughter.Sharon was not the girl Id seen in Melanies memories. Was it the historic period of living alone with the heavy Maggie that had changed her into a more brightly col ored version of her mother? Though her relationship with Doc was newer to this initiation than I was, she showed none of the softening effects of new love.I knew the duration of that relationship from Jamie-Sharon and Maggie rarely forgot when I was in a room with them, and their conver sit downion was guarded. They were even the strongest opposition, the only people here whose ignoring me continued to olfactory sensation aggressively hostile.Id asked Jamie how Sharon and Maggie had gotten here. Had they found Jeb on their own, beaten Jared and Jamie here? He seemed to understand the real question had Melanies finale effort to find them been entirely a waste?Jamie told me no. When Jared had showed him Melanies last note, rationalizeed that she was gone-it took him a moment to be able to speak again after that word, and I could see in his face what this moment had make to them both-theyd gone to look for Sharon themselves. Maggie had held Jared at the point of an antique sword while he tried to explain it had been a close thing.It had not taken long with Maggie and Jared working together for them to decipher Jebs riddle. The four of them had gotten to the caves onward Id moved from Chicago to San Diego.When Jamie and I spoke of Melanie, it was not as difficult as it should have been. She was always a part of these conversations-soothing his pain, smoothing my awkwardness-though she had little to tell apart. She rarely spoke to me anymore, and when she did it was muted now and then I wasnt for sure if I really get windd her or just my own idea of what she might suppose. But she make an effort for Jamie. When I heard her, it was always with him. When she didnt speak, we both felt her there.Why is Melanie so quiet now? Jamie asked me late one night. For once, he wasnt grilling me about Spiders and Fire-Tasters. We were both tired-it had been a long day pulling carrots. The small of my back was in knots.Its hard for her to talk. It takes so much more ef fort than it takes you and me. She doesnt have anything she wants to say that badly.What does she do all the epoch?She listens, I think. I guess I dont know.Can you hear her now?No.I yawned, and he was quiet. I thought he was asleep. I drifted in that direction, too.Do you think shell go away? Really gone? Jamie suddenly whispered. His voice caught on the last word.I was not a liar, and I dont think I could have lied to Jamie if I were. I tried not to think about the implications of my feelings for him. Because what did it fuddled if the greatest love Id ever felt in my nine lives, the first true sense of family, of maternal instinct, was for an alien life-form? I shoved the thought away.I dont know, I told him. And then, because it was true, I added, I hope not.Do you corresponding her like you like me? Did you used to hate her, like she hated you?Its divers(prenominal) than how I like you. And I never really hated her, not even in the beginning. I was very afraid of her, and I was angry that because of her I couldnt be like everyone else. But Ive always, always esteem strength, and Melanie is the strongest person Ive ever known.Jamie laughed. You were afraid of her?You dont think your sister can be scary? Remember the time you went too far up the canyon, and when you came home late she threw a r senescent hissy fit, according to Jared?He chuckled at the memory. I was pleased, having distracted him from his painful question.I was eager to keep the peace with all my new companions in any way I could. I thought I was willing to do anything, no subject field how backbreaking or smelly, but it turned out I was wrong.So I was thinking, Jeb said to me one day, maybe two weeks after everyone had calmed down.I was beginning to hate those words from Jeb.Do you remember what I was saying about you maybe teaching a little here?My answer was curt. Yes.Well, how bout it?I didnt have to think it through. No.My refusal sent an unexpected pang of guilt through me. Id n ever refused a avocation before. It felt like a selfish thing to do. Obviously, though, this was not the like. The souls would have never asked me to do something so suicidal.He frowned at me, scrunching his caterpillar eyebrows together. Why not?How do you think Sharon would like that? I asked him in an even voice. It was just one example, but perhaps the most forceful.He nodded, still frowning, acknowledging my point.Its for the greater good, he grumbled.I snorted. The greater good? Wouldnt that be shooting me?Wanda, thats shortsighted, he said, arguing with me as if my answer had been a serious attempt at persuasion. What we have here is a very unusual opportunity for learning. It would be wasteful to squander that.I really dont think anyone wants to learn from me. I dont mind talking to you or Jamie -Doesnt matter what they want, Jeb insisted. Its whats good for them. Like chocolate versus broccoli. Ought to know more about the universe-not to mention the new tenants of our pl anet.How does it patron them, Jeb? Do you think I know something that could destroy the souls? Turn the tide? Jeb, its over.Its not over while were still here, he told me, grinning so I knew he was teasing me again. I dont expect you to turn traitor and give us some super-weapon. I just think we should know more about the world we live in.I flinched at the word traitor. I couldnt give you a weapon if I wanted to, Jeb. We dont have some great weakness, an Achilles heel. No archenemies out there in space who could come to your aid, no viruses that will wipe us out and leave you standing. Sorry.Dont sweat it. He made a fist and tapped it playfully against my arm. You might be surprised, though. I told you it gets boring in here. People might want your stories more than you think.I knew Jeb would not leave it alone. Was Jeb capable of conceding defeat? I doubted it.At mealtimes I usually sat with Jeb and Jamie, if he was not in school or busy elsewhere. Ian always sat near, though not really with us. I could not fully accept the idea of his self-appointed berth as my bodyguard. It seemed too good to be true and thus, by human philosophy, clearly false.A few days after Id refused Jebs request to teach the humans for their own good, Doc came to sit by me during the even out meal.Sharon remained where she was, in the corner farthest from my usual place. She was alone today, without her mother. She didnt turn to watch Doc walking toward me. Her hopeful hair was wound into a high bun, so I could see that her neck was stiff, and her shoulders were hunched, tense and unhappy. It made me want to leave at once, before Doc could say whatever he have in mindt to say to me, so that I could not be considered in collusion with him.But Jamie was with me, and he took my hand when he truism the known panicked look come into my eyes. He was developing an uncanny ability to sense when I was turning skittish. I sighed and stayed where I was. It should probably have bothered me more that I was such a slave to this childs wishes.How are things? Doc asked in a casual voice, sliding onto the counter next to me.Ian, a few feet down from us, turned his body so it looked like he was part of the group.I shrugged.We turn soup today, Jamie announced. My eyes are still stinging.Doc held up a pair of bright red hands. Soap.Jamie laughed. You win.Doc gave a mocking bow from the waist, then turned to me. Wanda, I had a question for you He let the words trail off.I raised my eyebrows.Well, I was wondering Of all the incompatible planets youre familiar with, which species is physically the closest to humankind?I blinked. Why?Just good old-fashioned biological curiosity. I guess Ive been thinking about your Healers Where do they get the knowledge to cure, rather than just treat symptoms, as you said? Doc was speaking louder than necessary, his mild voice carrying farther than usual. Several people looked up-Trudy and Geoffrey, Lily, WalterI enwrapped my arms tightly a round myself, assay to take up less space. Those are two different questions, I murmured.Doc smiled and gestured with one hand for me to proceed.Jamie squeezed my hand.I sighed. The Bears on the Mists Planet, probably.With the claw beasts? Jamie whispered. I nodded.How are they akin(predicate)? Doc prodded.I rolled my eyes, feeling Jebs direction in this, but continued. Theyre close to mammals in more ways. Fur, warm-blooded. Their blood isnt exactly the same as yours, but it does essentially the same job. They have similar emotions, the same need for societal interaction and creative outlets -Creative? Doc leaned forward, fascinated-or feigning fascination. How so?I looked at Jamie. You know. Why dont you tell Doc?I might get it wrong.You wont.He looked at Doc, who nodded.Well, see, they have these direful hands. Jamie was enthusiastic near immediately. Sort of double-jointed-they can curl both ways. He flexed his own fingers, as if seek to bend them backward. One side is sof t, like my palm, but the other side is like razors They cut the ice-ice sculpting. They make cities that are all crystal castles that never melt Its beautiful, isnt it, Wanda? He turned to me for backup.I nodded. They see a different range of colors-the ice is full of rainbows. Their cities are a point of pride for them. Theyre always trying to make them more beautiful. I knew of one Bear who we called well, something like Glitter Weaver, but it sounds better in that language, because of the way the ice seemed to know what he wanted and shaped itself into his dreams. I met him once and saw his creations. Thats one of my most beautiful memories.They dream? Ian asked quietly.I smiled wryly. non as vividly as humans.How do your Healers get their knowledge about the physiology of a new species? They came to this planet prepared. I watched it start-watched the terminal patients walk out of the infirmary whole A frown etched a V-shaped crease into Docs narrow forehead. He hated the invad ers, like everyone, but unlike the others, he also envied them.I didnt want to answer. Everyone was listening to us by this point, and this was no pretty fairytale about ice-sculpting Bears. This was the story of their defeat.Doc waitressed, frowning.They they take samples, I muttered.Ian grinned in understanding. Alien abductions.I ignored him.Doc pursed his lips. Makes sense.The silence in the room reminded me of my first time here.Where did your kind begin? Doc asked. Do you remember? I mean, as a species, do you know how you evolved?The Origin, I answered, nodding. We still live there. Its where I was born.Thats kind of special, Jamie added. Its rare to meet someone from the Origin, isnt it? Most souls try to stay there, right, Wanda? He didnt wait for my response. I was beginning to regret answering his questions so thoroughly each night. So when someone moves on, it makes them almost like a celebrity? Or like a member of a royal family.I could feel my cheeks getting warm.Its a cool place, Jamie went on. Lots of clouds, with a bunch of different-colored layers. Its the only planet where the souls can live outside of a host for very long. The hosts on the Origin planet are really pretty, too, with sort of wings and lots of tentacles and wide silver eyes.Doc was leaning forward with his face in his hands. Do they remember how the host-parasite relationship was formed? How did the colonization begin?Jamie looked at me, shrugging.We were always that way, I answered slowly, still unwilling. As far back as we were intelligent enough to know ourselves, at least. We were discovered by another species-the Vultures, we call them here, though more for their personalities than for their looks. They were not kind. Then we discovered that we could bond with them just as we had with our original hosts. Once we controlled them, we made use of their technology. We took their planet first, and then followed them to the Dragon Planet and the Summer World-lovely places whe re the Vultures had also not been kind. We started colonizing our hosts reproduced so much slower than we did, and their life spans were short. We began exploring farther into the universeI trailed off, conscious of the some eyes on my face. Only Sharon continued to look away.You speak of it almost as if you were there, Ian noted quietly. How long ago did this happen?After dinosaurs lived here but before you did. I was not there, but I remember some of what my mothers mothers mother remembered of it.How old are you? Ian asked, leaning toward me, his brilliant blue eyes penetrating.I dont know in Earth years.An estimate? he pressed.Thousands of years, maybe. I shrugged. I lose track of the years spent in hibernation.Ian leaned back, stunned.Wow, thats old, Jamie breathed.But in a very real sense, Im younger than you, I murmured to him. Not even a year old. I feel like a child all the time.Jamies lips pulled up slightly at the corners. He liked the idea of being more mature than I wa s.Whats the aging process for your kind? Doc asked. The natural life span?We dont have one, I told him. As long as we have a healthy host, we can live forever.A low murmur-angry? frightened? revolt? I couldnt tell-swirled around the edges of the cave. I saw that my answer had been unwise I understood what these words would mean to them.Beautiful. The low, furious word came from Sharons direction, but she hadnt turned.Jamie squeezed my hand, seeing again in my eyes the desire to bolt. This time I gently pulled my hand free.Im not hungry anymore, I whispered, though my bread sat barely affected on the counter beside me. I hopped down and, hugging the wall, made my escape.Jamie followed right behind me. He caught up to me in the big garden plaza and handed me the remains of my bread.It was real interesting, honest, he told me. I dont think anyones too cut into.Jeb put Doc up to this, didnt he?You tell good stories. Once everyone knows that, theyll want to hear them. Just like me and Jeb.What if I dont want to tell them?Jamie frowned. Well, I guess then you shouldnt. But it seems like you dont mind telling me stories.Thats different. You like me. I could have said, You dont want to kill me, but the implications would have upset him.Once people get to know you, theyll all like you. Ian and Doc do.Ian and Doc do not like me, Jamie. Theyre just morbidly curious.Do so.Ugh, I groaned. We were to our room by now. I shoved the screen out and threw myself onto the mattress. Jamie sat down less forcefully beside me and looped his arms around his knees.Dont be mad, he pleaded. Jeb means well.I groaned again.It wont be so bad.Docs going to do this every time I go in the kitchen, isnt he?Jamie nodded sheepishly. Or Ian. Or Jeb.Or you.We all want to know.I sighed and rolled onto my stomach. Does Jeb have to get his way every single time?Jamie thought for a moment, then nodded. Pretty much, yeah.I took a big bite of bread. When I was done chewing, I said, I think Ill eat in here from now on.Ians going to ask you questions tomorrow when youre weeding the spinach. Jebs not making him-he wants to.Well, thats wonderful.Youre pretty good with sarcasm. I thought the parasites-I mean the souls-didnt like negative humor. Just the happy stuff.Theyd learn pretty quick in here, kid.Jamie laughed and then took my hand. You dont hate it here, do you? Youre not miserable, are you?His big chocolate-colored eyes were troubled.I pressed his hand to my face. Im fine, I told him, and at that moment, it was entirely the truth.

Blood Bank Management

nobble The purpose of this weigh was to turn out a furrow oversight culture outline to assist in the management of inventory sponsor records and ease/or attaintain the distri simplyion of rakehell in diverse parts of the country basing on the hospital demands. Without riotous and prison termly assenting to presenter records, creating market strategies for channel donation, lobbying and sensitization of cable donors becomes very difficult. The personal credit line management instruction agreement offers functionalities to quick access to donor records collected from various parts of the country.It en opens monitoring of the results and performance of the tune donation activity much(prenominal) that pertinent and measurable objectives of the institution thr bingle be checked. It provides to management timely, confidential and secure medical examination examination reports that facilitates grooming and ratiocination making and in that locationfore improv ed medical service delivery. The reports bring forthd by the system give answers to most of the gainsays management faces as far as tide rip donor records be concerned. Chapter 1 1. 0 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background to the t for each one squanderer giver Recruitment (BDR) is the routine of drawing stock from a voluntary filiation donor (BD) for future declension transfusion, Wikipedia (2006). In Uganda, downslope collection, safety and management is an activity that is carried out by Uganda sanguine fussy Society (URCS) in partnership with Uganda Blood Transfusion (UBTS). Founded in 1939, URCS is part of the world wide of the mark inflammation Cross Humanitarian Movement whose mission is to mobilize the power of worldity for improving the lives of the unguarded in Uganda, Muller (2001).URCS ful give receive ons this mission while adhering to the principles of impartiality, neutrality, indep residualence, unity, universality and voluntary service for the ruby-red Cr oss/Red Crescent Movement. It operates throughout Uganda with 45 branch offices. Be spatial relations providing adequate supply of blood for transfusion, URCS is take ond in the first aid services, road safety, tracing, disaster mitigation/prep bedness, mobilization for routine immunization, HIV homec ar, youth potency and Community establish HealthC ar (CBHC).URCS had a manual system exploitation paper visiting cards to code BDs, collect/keep blood donor records and disseminate results to BDs who are scattered throughout the country. The paper card system (PCS) utilize to specific all in ally capture personal info and medical history of the BDs. This learning would be utilise in signaliseing/locating existing BDs, carrying out pre- donation counseling and taking blood results. unaccredited persons however, easy accessed the paper system and hence making it impossible to keep secrecy and confidentiality expected of medical records.The gage of the medical records was as well not inadequate as any person could easily access them. Lukande (2003), states that such(prenominal) a system is time consuming, prone to errors of entry and abridgment resulting from the fatigue of the substance absubstance ab exploiters. The PCS at URCS had course to accumulation of physical paper cards out-of-pocket to increasing number of blood donors, a billet that frustrated the system users because of the delays and at times failure to access historical records. The safe blood insurance policy was missing at URCS because the PCS could not cater for the key attri savees of the policy.Gerard (2002), states that the main principles upon which the safe blood policy is based on are the informed consent, confidentiality and secrecy of the BDs. The Ethiopian Red Cross Society publication, Development in the 1990 states that discipline from blood donors should be completely confidential and if this is not assured, names of the blood donors should not be put down at all a nd/or an alternative record denomination should be used. Full implementation of the safe blood policy has called the use of information technology (IT) in providing working etymon to the place challenges.The associated problems with the PCS complicated delays in accessing historical records, inconsistencies and errors in information entry that stem right from acquisition of info from the blood donors because the exercise is of routine nature and very tedious to the system users. The automation of the system use modern IT has improved the tone of service. Secondly, with the use of IT, now germane(predicate) and timely blood donor reports undersurface easily be generated and hence facilitating planning and decision-making.Scolamiero (2000), recommends blood donor services automated information system as a solution to routinely collected, sinless and readily uncommitted information in blood transfusion services. It is likewise important to note that the impact of informa tion technology on organizations is increasing as new technologies evolve and existing ones expand. According to Clifton (1995), nearly all business executives say that information technology is vital to their business and that they use IT extensively.Certainly business executives main concern is planning, coordination and decision-making, thitherfore, the role of IT in enhancing management of blood donor records is of major importance. In all, the computerization of blood donor PCS at URCS came at the ripe time minded(p) the background to the situation. This is much so because the demand for safe blood in Uganda has incr ease due to soaring increase in total universe. Therefore, modern means to manage the PCS using IT had to take route. 1. 3 General ObjectiveThe main objective of the flying field was to create electronic blood donor management information system in order to assist in the management of blood donor records, planning and care information in a more confidential, co nvenient and secure way using modern technology. pic 1. 3. 1 Specific Objectives To conduct a study on blood donor management To architectural plan an electronic blood donor management system To validate the chassis using a prototype 1. 4 Scope The study geographically limited itself at the URCS blood donation/collection centers.It focused more on the acquisition, distri only ifion and management of blood units for BDR activities. The study specially emphasized the creation and implementation of an electronic management information system that automated blood donor info acquisition and dissemination of results. This in turn go out ease and speeds up the planning, decision-making process because of the timely, secure, confidential and reliable reports. 1. 5 Significance of the Study This study is important to URCS and the blood donors because it aimed at addressing problems of security, secrecy and confidentiality of blood donor records.It also strived to check the delays, erro rs, inconsistencies in medical records and timely access to historical records all of which had far fetched impact on planning and decision-making. The study resulted into the avocation benefits It has eased the control and distribution of blood in various parts of the country basing on the hospital demands. URCS can now create market strategies for blood donation, lobbying and sensitization of the blood donors. Automated entropy acquisition and quick access to medical records by the legal users of the system result be assured. picIt has eased the monitoring of the results and performance of the blood donation activity and hence relevant and measurable objectives of URCS are checked. It bequeath continue to improve on the planning and decision-making process by providing to management timely, secure and confidential medical reports tie in to blood donation. It bequeath also improve medical service delivery due to timely and easy generation of management reports by the relevant entities. The study result benefit the URCS management, who will square up it easy to strategically plan, coordinate and take decisions concerning BDR activities.URCS counsellors on the other hand will be able to keep confidentiality of the donors results and disseminate blood results to donors with ease. Meanwhile that is the guinea pig, the automation of the data collection process will simplify the work of the data clerks. Equally important, the blood donormmobilizes will be have sanitary grounds for laying sensitization strategies between regions thatmyield more blood units and those with less. The study also has formed march on environment of noesis for students who whitethorn wish to take re attempt in blood donor management. 2. Blood Donor Systems Challenges and Successes The blood donation service involve a series of interdependent surgical procedures such as donor registration, donor screening/evaluation, blood collection, blood screening, inventory management and b lood dissemination. almost of the popular existing blood information systems in the westward world to twenty-four hours are mainly online systems. The systems interfaces do not meet fully the blood safe policy described in this study and as such not suitable for ignorant population. Most blood donors in Uganda are verdant based where online systems ay not be the best. The direct of computer literate among the blood donors in Uganda is growing because the bulk of them are school students. The main challenge remains customizing interfaces that are suitable for capturing basic donor information. some of the attributes on the interfaces used in the western world such as state and province are not applicable in Uganda. Tripura blood donor information system is a good role manakin of the blood donorsystem that is not suitable for Uganda. Also some key attributes such as age and sessions in picUganda are lacking on most the interfaces viewed. The interfaces also are not user-frien dly as there are some an(prenominal) links inwardly the system that can easily confuse the system users and hence leading to data entry errors and boredom. At the Macau blood Transfusion Centre, system Integrado de Bancos de Sangue (SIBAS) works as its solution of computerized blood marge information system. SIBAS complies with the customer/server infrastructure, as does its client, and provides an unified environment for those isolated but interdependent operation in the blood center.With the introduction of the SIBAS the blood service at Macau has been enhance in the following aspect. operable efficiency- the processing time has been shortened in that blood donors submit not fill in many regular items. On the other hand, the travel for donor cards are on a lower floor full control and hence leading to donor satisfaction and confidence. There is also improved information consistency and validity. The Indian case study of Prathma Blood Center, Gupta (2004), promises insigh ts into the integration of IS/IT in management of blood records.The Prathma Blood Center is a request for modernizing blood deponeing. The entire function from blood donation to its moderatening gameing and separation, storage, topic and usage have been integrated through a custom designed enterprise resource planning (ERP) software system that minimizes human discussion and making it less error prone. The implementation of ERP in blood bank in India has registered many successes in medical data such as security, confidentiality, secrecy and quick retrieval of historical records all of which were challenges at URCS blood center.However, full automation of all blood donation activities handle the case cannot be do in Uganda due to limited resources. It requires transition, as it is resource constraining in terms of IT, other equipments and human resources. 2. 3 Blood Donor Systems Challenges and Successes The blood donation service involve a series of interdependent operati ons such as donor registration, donor screening/evaluation, blood collection, blood screening, inventory management and blood dissemination. Most of the popular existing blood information systems in the western world today are mainly online systems.The systems interfaces do not meet fully the blood safe policy described in this study and as such not suitable for illiterate population. Most blood donors in Uganda are rural based where online systems may not be the best. The level of computer literate among the blood donors in Uganda is growing because the majority of them are school students. The main challenge remains customizing interfaces that are suitable for capturing basic donor information. Some of the attributes on the interfaces used in the western world such as state and province are not applicable in Uganda.Tripura blood donor information system is a good example of the blood donor system that is not suitable for Uganda. Also some key attributes such as age and sessions in Uganda are lacking on most the interfaces viewed. The interfaces also are not user-friendly as there are many links within the system that can easily confuse the system users and hence leading to data entry errors and boredom. At the Macau blood Transfusion Centre, system Integrado de Bancos de Sangue (SIBAS) works as its solution of computerized blood bank information system.SIBAS complies with the client/server infrastructure, as does its client, and provides an integrated environment for those isolated but interdependent operation in the blood center. With the introduction of the SIBAS the blood service at Macau has been enhance in the following aspect. Operational efficiency- the processing time has been shortened in that blood donors need not fill in many regular items. On the other hand, the steps for donor cards are under full control and hence leading to donor satisfaction and confidence.There is also improved information consistency and validity. The Indian case study of P rathma Blood Center, Gupta (2004), promises insights into the integration of IS/IT in management of blood records. The Prathma Blood Center is a quest for modernizing blood banking. The entire function from blood donation to its straining and separation, storage, issue and usage have been integrated through a custom designed enterprise resource planning (ERP) software that minimizes human intervention and making it less error prone.The implementation of ERP in blood bank in India has registered many successes in medical data such as security, confidentiality, secrecy and quick retrieval of historical records all of which were challenges at URCS blood center. However, full automation of all blood donation activities like the case cannot be done in Uganda due to limited resources. It requires transition, as it is resource constraining in terms of IT, other equipments and human resources. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 4. 1 Introduction Following the literature review, background informa tion and correlative knowledge regarding this research advise follows.In the first part of this chapter, the demand and requirements of the proposed system are discussed and analyzed through dataflow diagrams, the entity dealings warning and the data dictionary. According to this analysis, the specification of the system is busheld. This provides the foundation for chapter 5 (Implementation and test). This chapter presents the various design proficiencys and processes on hand(predicate) for building web based applications. It explains the design technique chosen, showing its advantages and disadvantages. 4. 2 A distinguishable procession for designing web based applicationsTraditionally, software has been broadly classified into different categories. Some of these categories include real-time software, personal computer software, artificial intelligence software and business software. entanglement-based systems and applications (WebApps) such as web sites and information p rocessing applications that reside on the profits or an intranet, require a somewhat different method acting of take aimment than these other categories of computer software (Pressman, 2000) xx. This is because web based systems involve a mixture of cross publishing, software reading, marketing, computing, internal communications, external elations, art and technology. WebApps are nedeucerk intensive, message driven, continuously evolving applications. They usually have a short development time, need strong security measures, and have to be aesthetically pleasing. In addition, the population of users is usually diverse. These factors all make special demands on requirements elicitation and frameworkling. 4. 3 Requirements and Analysis The requirement analysis arcdegree of a software engineering jut out involves collecting and analyzing information about the part of the organization that is supported by the application.This information is then used to identify the users requi rement of the new system (Conolly et al, 2002) xx. Identifying the indispensable functionality of the system is very important as a system with incomplete functionality may lead to it beingness rejected. A description of the aim of the project is wedded here along with pointednesss of the functional and non-functional requirements for the system. The test sheets for evaluating the completed system are also presented. pic 4. 3. 1 RequirementsThe requirements of the Web-based management information system are to develop a web based front end for entering donated blood details including the donor, his/her blood group, sex, age, and view of the donated blood a web based front end for searching the information relating to a given donor or a given blood group a facility to still enter donor and donated blood information via Endnote and also uphold the Endnote database using those details entered via the web front end and a facility to produce summary information of donor and do nated blood particulars and any other related activities. . 3. 2 Functional Requirements In this research project we aim at developing a system which should improve on the current one with a lot of functionalities and therefore the Major target or goal here is to to develop a blood donor database that can support the five supra mention sub- databases that is to say DonorDB, Donation DB, indispositionDB, Transfusion DB and Statistical DB to develop a client interface that allows privileged users to carry out tasks such as inserting or modifying and deleting data in the database to develop a searching functionality in order to allow normal and privileged users to search the details of a given donor, blood group, stakeholder and if necessary a type of distemper common which causes one to need the donated blood to fully integrate the Web-based management information system to the World- Wide-Web and hence allow access from any Internet networked terminal and Web browser around the world to develop a facility that can merchandise details entered via the web front end to Endnote as well as import and confidential detail from the Endnote Database to develop a functionality that produces summary information of required data to enhance decision making to plant high security features in the Web DBMS to provide privacy, equity to allow privileged users to maintain the Web-based management information system by adding/deleting particulars, backing-up or re as plasteredting the database and extract online summary in the form of histograms for each donor and lists of free-format comments.Thus a graphical reporting tool should be provided for analyzing the data. and finally the system should be compromising enough to store data for several years and also be able provide comfortable drug user and Administration Guides. 4. 3. 3 Non-functional Requirements The system must be developed to suit the particular take of a user-friendly environment. This means that the system must accommodate a all the way understandable user interface as well as clear online help documentation at any act of the user interaction with the system.A fast response time in obtaining and providing information to the system may also prove to be a significant advantage. In addition to these requirements, the system should also embrace the following requirements- Security Each user is required to log in. The system should log faculty that has been assigned user names and passwords. The system should be designed to make it impossible for anybody to logon without a valid username and password. Data encryption should be employed to keep the user login name and password secret.Reliability The system would be used by about 50 staff working at the Red Cross head quarters and also some other many staff in the collaborating clinics and hospitals. The system should have little or no downtime and be able to handle multiple concurrent users. Ease of Use The general and administra tive views should be easy to use and intuitive. Online help and documentation should be provided. Performance The system should have a quick response time. For the purpose of this research project, this would be defined as less than 5 seconds.System and Browser compatibility Testing The system should be accessible on the following browsers Microsoft Internet Explorer 5. 5+, NetScape Navigator 6. 0+ and Mozilla 1. 3+. System requirements Red Cross union Uganda has a UNIX server. This system would be designed to run on a minimum hardware configuration of 500MHz x86 machines. Considering the vast hardware available at the society , this would not pose any problems. Server Software Operating System Windows XP PHP version PHP 5. 0+ Web Server Apache Web Server. 2. 0+ Database MySQL 4. 01+ pic . 4 Access Level Analysis In order to take closer look into what the system should do and how, it was necessary to decompose the systems functionalities based on the user type and levels of access . The ternary main user groups and access levels are orbiculate User company (normal access level) The Red Cross User Group (privileged access level) The Administration (privileged access level) Therefore, the requirements could be expeditiously analyzed depending on the user group and the functionalities they should be allowed to perform. 4. 4. 1 principal(prenominal) System Page (Index)It is required for the system to provide a of import Page where any international user (any user within and outside the Red Cross Organization) will be able to access. The main functionality of this page will be to allow any user to search the database by using information such as cadence of donated blood, available blood and the groups, or any other general information which may not be considered confidential. The search capabilities of the main page might not be limited to the exact blood donor, but may for example provide the means for displaying any information that might be relevant b ut not confidential.The Main Page should also include a Login facility for any privileged or normal user to be able to have access to more advanced functionalities of the System. 4. 4. 2 The Red Cross User Group When a Red Cross user has successfully logged into the system via the Main Page Login facility, it will be necessary for the system to display a specific menu with all available option that can be carried out. Therefore by taking into account the system requirements, it will be necessary to nclude options such as Enter donor details, Search donor, Use Endnote Facilities, Produce abbreviation Information as well as an option that will be related to the distract User Guide. A Logout option will also be appropriate for the Red Cross user to be able to logout when desired. 4. 4. 3 Entering-Amending Blood donor Details For a user to be able to better and enter into the systems database it will be essential to take into account that the blood donor system will be integrated to E ndnote. Therefore, it will be essential for the system to provide to the user the exact fields as Endnote does for any particular type of details.In addition, when a particular of a given donor has successfully been submitted or amended into the database it will be essential for the system to display the appropriate message (i. e. Blood donor successfully entered into database). 4. 4. 4 Searching the Blood Donor Database The Searching zeal for the Red Cross user should not differ from the facility that will be provided on the Main Page of the system for all users. Therefore, the Red Cross user will be able to search any type of information in the database using the same way as specified for the Global User. 4. 4. 5 Producing Summary InformationFor this requirement it is essential to firstly understand why and when it will be used and to adjust the functionality to best suit these purposes. In order for the system to efficiently produce summary information it will have to provide a menu providing options such as Produce Annual Report, or Produce General Report etc. 4. 4. 6 Endnote Facilities In order for the system to be effective, it will be necessary for it to be integrated with the Endnote software. Therefore, it will be very significant to accommodate two options that will include Importing blood particulars from Endnote and Exporting blood particulars to Endnote.How this will be done will mainly rely on taking full advantage of particular Endnote filters that are provided for these reasons. 4. 4. 7 executive For maintenance purposes it will be of great significance to include advanced Administrator functionalities that can only be accessed by this particular user group. The most reasonable options for an decision maker to perform may include tasks such as deleting donors (should not be provided to the Red Cross user group for security reasons), Backing-up and Restoring the database, Resetting the blood donors database etc.In addition to these functionali ties the administrator may also be asked to perform tasks related to Red Cross or Global user (i. e. Entering new donors, Searching for a given donor or available blood group) and therefore any functionality provided by the system must be included in the administrator capabilities. .5 Task Structure plots For the development of a more consistent and effective system, it was essential to firstly identify which information should be included accomplish this, it was first of great significance to group all the relevant tasks (system functionalities) depending on the users.The way the systems tasks could be efficiently identified was by using a special technique from the Discovery method called Task Structure Sketching (Simons, 2002). 4. 5. 1 The Red Cross User Red Cross User Functionalities Fig 4. 1 The Red Cros User Task Structure Diagram Insert mod Data Edit data Search for Data Produce summary Use Endnote Search for a recipient Search donors Search for disease Export d donations W eekly report Produce annual reports Import donations Search for hospitals Edit clinics Update data Edit donors -recipients Edit diseases Insert new disease Insert recipients Insert donor The Administrator UserAdministrator Functionalities Fig 4. 2 The Administrator Task Structure Diagram Red Cross user Functionalities Delete data Backup data Reset database Backup database fasten Database Delete a phased out disease Delete donor Delete recipient The administrator can perform any task that are performed by the Red Cross User 4. 5. 3 The Global User Global User Functionalities Search database Login Search by recipients Search by donors Search y Year Login as Red Cross User Login as Administrator Want to donate blood 4. 7 Web Engineering Web engineering is the process used to create high quality Web-based systems and applications (WebApps).Web engineering (WebE) exhibits the fundamental concepts and principles of software engineering by following a disciplined burn down to the devel opment of computer-based systems, emphasizing the same technical and management activities (Pressman, 2000) xx. The design and production of a software product (such as a web application) involves a set of activities or a software process (Sommerville, 2004) xx. A software process model is an slip representation of a software process. Three generic process models usually adopted in projects are The waterfall model This has distinct project phases, which can be easily monitored.These phases are requirements specification, software design, implementation and testing. Evolutionary development An initial system is developed quickly from abstract specifications. This is later refined with the input of the user to produce a system that meets the users needs. It is an repetitive model. Two refinements of this approach are the incremental and the coil models. The incremental model of evolutionary development delivers software in meek but usable increments, where each increment build s on those that have already been delivered.The spiral model couples the iterative nature of prototyping with the controlled and systematic aspects of the waterfall model. Component-based software engineering This is based on the existence of a bighearted number of reusable components and is best suited in an object-oriented environment. A process model helps address the complexness of software, minimize the risk of project failure, deal with change during the project and help deliver the software quickly. For this project two process models were considered 1. Spiral model 2. A waterfall model. pic 4. A WebE Spiral model The spiral model shown in Fig 4. 4 is suggested by Pressman (2000)xx. The process consists of 6 main stages, defined below 1. Formulation This is an activity in which the goals and objectives of the WebApp are identified and the scope for the first increment in the process is established. 2. Planning This stage estimates overall project cost, evaluates risks asso ciated with the development effort, prepares a detailed development agendum for the initial WebApp increment and defines a more coarsely granulated schedule for subsequent increments. Analysis This stage is the requirement analysis stage for the WebApp. Technical requirements and content items to be used are identified. Graphic design requirements are also identified. Fig 4. 4 The WebE Spiral Model 4. Engineering Two parallel set of tasks make up the engineering activity. One set involves content design and production, which is non-technical work. This involves gathering textual matter, graphics, and other content to be integrated into the WebApp. At the same time, a set of technical tasks (Architectural design, Navigation design, and Interface Design) are carried out. . Page generation This is the construction activity that makes use of automated tools for WebApp creation and the content is joined with the architectural, navigation and interface designs to produce executable Web pages in HTML. 6. Customer Evaluation During this stage, each increment of the WebEprocess is reviewed. Powell (2002) xx presents a waterfall model for web engineering (Fig 5. 2). The advantage of this model is that it helps developers plan most of the work up front. 4. 9 Design Phase The design involves the production of technical and visual prototypes.This stage has some on-technical aspects such as gathering of web content. Powell (2002)xx points out that ontent gathering can be one of the biggest problems in web projects. This clearly is not the ase with this survey application as there is very little content required. For the server side rogramming and other technical aspects of the design emphasis will be laid on such design oncepts and principles as effective modularity (high cohesion and low coupling), nformation hiding and stepwise elaboration. The goal is to make the system easier to adapt, ehance, test and use (Pressman, 2000) xx. 4. . 1 Producing HTML There are basically 4 methods of producing HTML 1. Coding by hand using a simple text editor 2. Translation in which content produced in a tool such as note pad is saved as aHTML document. 3. Using a tagging editor that helps fill in the required tags 4. Using a What you see is what you get editor (WYSIWYG) such as MS FrontPage or Macromedia Dreamweaver. All these methods have their advantages and disadvantages. While coding by hand may be slow and error prone, it does provide great control over markup, as well as help address bugs and new HTML/XHTML elements immediately.At the extreme, What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG) editors provide visual representation of a page and require no significant knowledge of HTML or CSS. However hey often generate incorrect or less than optimal markup and tend to encourage fixed size resentations that do not separate the look and the structure (Powell, 2003) xx. Putting all hese into consideration, a tagging editor, HTML-kit was chosen for this work. While tagging editors can be slow and require intimate knowledge of HTML and CSS, they provide agreat deal of control and are a lot faster than hand editing. pic 4. 10 Architectural DesignWebApps fall into 4 main structures. They can be linear, grid, hierarchical, or networked (fig 4. 5). In practice most web sites are a combination of some of these structures. Fig. 4-5. navigational Structures of websites/Web Applications ( Lemay, 2000) Considering the nature of this web application, a combination of both hierarchical and linear structures will be adopted. The actual survey web pages will have a linear structure while the Admin pages will have more hierarchical nature. 411 Database Design Database design involves the production of a model of the data to be stored in the database.A data model is a diagram of the database design that documents and communicates how the database is structured. The database design methodology followed in this project is that suggested by Connolly et al(2002)xx. Conn olly presents quite a detailed guide to designing database but not all of those steps may apply here, as this project is not too complex. The design process is divided into three main stages conceptual, reasonable and physical database design. The purpose of the conceptual database design is to decompose the design into more yielding tasks, by examining user perspectives of the system.That is, local conceptual data models are created that are a complete and accurate representation of the enterprise as seen by different users. Each local conceptual data model is made up of entity types, relationship types, attributes and their domains, primary keys and integrity constraints. For each user view identified a local conceptual data model would be built. (Connolly et al,2002) xx. In building the conceptual data model, a data dictionary is built to identify the major entities in the system. An entity relationship (ER) diagram is used to figure the system and represent the users require ments.The ER diagram is used to represent entities and how they relate to one another. The ER diagram also shows the relationships between the entities, their occurrence (multiplicities) and attributes. Following the view integration approach, a different data model (ER diagram) is made for each user Data Dictionary Entity Name Description Donors A person who donates blood Recipients A person who receives blood Diseases The diseases which are found in the infected donated blood Blood group The blood that is donated by the donors hospital/Clinicinfirmarys to which donated blood is distributed ply Red Cross staff District Districts from which donors and recipients originate from Table 4. 1 Data Dictionary 4. 11. 1 Conceptual Database Design In this stage, a local conceptual data model is built for each identified view in the system. Alocal conceptual data model comprises of entity types, relationship types, attributes and their domains, primary and alternate keys, and integrity cons traints. The conceptual data model is supported by documentation such as a data dictionary.The entity types are the main objects the users are interested in. Entities have an existence intheir own right. Entity types are identified and their names and description are recorded in adata dictionary. Care is taking to ensure that all relationships in the users requirements specification are identified. An Entity-Relationship diagram is used to represent the relationship between entities. The multiplicity of each relationship is included. This is because a model that includes multiplicity constraints gives a better representation of the enterprise.Relationship descriptions and the multiplicity constraints are recorded in the data dictionary. Each model is formalize to ensure it supported the required performances. Entity name Attributes Description Data Type Size Nulls Multi Valued Donors donorId (PK) -dNames -sex dob distId (FK) doreg Donor identification number Donors names Donors sex determine of possess District of origin Date of registration Text Text Text Date Int Date 8 30 6 30 3 30 No No No No No No No No No No No No Recipients -rId (PK) -rNames -sex dob distId (FK) doreg Recipients identification umber Recipients names recipients sex Date of birth District of origin Date of registration Text Text Text Date Int Date 8 30 6 30 3 30 No No No No No No No No No No No No Diseases -dId (PK) -dNames -drating Disease identification number Disease names Disease rating on how people are infected from it Text Text text 8 30 20 No No No No No No Blood bGroup(PK) donorId (FK) rId (FK) side Blood group Donor identification number recipient identification number status of the donated blood whether infected or not Text Text Text text 2 8 8 15 No No No No No No No No Hospital/Clinic hId (PK) hNames distId (FK) Hospital identification number Hospital name District identification Number text text int 8 hundred 3 No No No No No No Staff staffId (PK) staffNames sex dob department Staff identification number Staff names Sex Date of birth Department to which the staff belongs text text sex date text 8 50 6 15 100 No No No No No No No No No No District distId distName District number District name int text 3 100 No No No No Entity name Multiplicity Relationship Entity Name Multiplicity Donors 1 Donates Blood 1 Recipients 1 Receives Blood 1 Diseases Contained in Blood 0 .. * Blood 1 Donated by Donor 1 .. * Hospital/ Clinic 1 Receives Blood 1 .. * Staff 1 Registers Donors 1 .. * District 1 Has Recipients 1 .. * Table 4. 2 An extract from the data dictionary showing a description of the relationships between the entities. 4. 11. 2 Logical Database Design The process of logical database design constructs a model of the information used in an enterprise based on a specific data model, such as the relational model, but independent of a particular DBMS and other physical considerations (Connolly et al, 2002)xx.The logical database design consists of an ER diagram, a relational schema, and any supporting documentation for them. In the logical data model, all attributes of entities are primitive. Producing a logical data model involves normalization. The aim of normalization is to eradicate certain undesirable characteristics from a database design. It removes data redundancy and thus prevents update anomalies. Normalization helps increase the clarity of the data model. Integrity constraints are imposed in order to protect the database from becoming inconsistent.There are five types of integrity constraints required data, attribute domain constraints, entity integrity, referential integrity and enterprise constraints. The resulting relations are validated using normalization. For this project, producing relations in third normal form (3NF) will suffice. Non-relational features, such as many-to-many relationships and some matched relationships, are removed from the conceptual data model. The design is also reviewed to make sure it meets all the transaction requirements. pic 1.. * 1.. 1 1.. * 1.. * 1.. 1 1.. 1 registers Donors PK donorId Names sex dob FK distId doreg District PK distId distName Recipient PK rId rNames sex dob FK distId doreg Hospital PK hId (PK) hNames FK distId Staff PK staffId staffNames sex dob department Diseases PK dId dNames drating Blood PK bGroup FK donorId FK rId status Fig. 4. 6 The ER diagram 4. 11. 3 Physical Database Design Physical database design translates the logical data model into a set of SQL statements that define the database for a particular database system. In other words, it is the process of producing a description of the implementation of the database on secondary winding storage.It describes the base relations and the storage structures and access methods used to access the data effectively, along with associated integrity constraints and security measures. The target DBMS in this case is MySQL. The following translations occur 1. Entities become tables in MySQL. 2. Attributes become columns in the MySQL database. 3. Relationships between entities are modeled as foreign keys. Donation Process View Video pic acquire Ready for Your Donation The Donation Process Step by Step After the Donation To get ready for yourdonation pic Make an Appointment It always helps us to know in advance when you are coming in to make a donation. pic Hydrate pic Be sure to drink plenty of fluids the day of your donation. pic Wear Something Comfortable Wear clothing with sleeves that can easily be rolled up supra the elbow. pic Maintain a HealthyLevel of Iron in Your DietBefore Donating If possible, include iron-rich foodsin your diet, especially in the weeks before your donation. pic engender a List of Medications You Are Taking We will need to know about any prescription and/or over the counter medications that may be in your system. pic pic Bring an ID Please bring either your donor card, drivers license or two other for ms of identification. pic Bring a Friend Bring along a friend, so that you may both enjoy the benefits of gift blood. pic Relax Blood donation is a simple and very safe procedure so there is nothing to worry about.