Facts and Figures on Christians of the Middle East

The Christian presence in the Middle East dates back, of course, to Jesus Christ during the Roman Empire. That 2,000-year presence has gone uninterrupted since, especially in the countries of the Levant: Lebanon, Palestine/Israel, Syria—and Egypt. But its been far from a unified presence. The Eastern and Western Church dont quite see eye to eye--havent for about 1,500 years. Lebanons Maronites split off from the Vatican centuries ago, then agreed to return to the fold, preserving to themselves rites, ​dogmas, and customs of their choice (dont tell a Maronite priest he cant marry!) Much of the region either forcibly or voluntarily converted to Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries. In the Middle Ages, the European Crusades attempted, brutally, repeatedly but ultimately unsuccessfully, to restore Christian hegemony over the region. Since then, only Lebanon has maintained a Christian population approaching anything like a plurality, although Egypt maintains the single-largest Christian population in the Middle East. Here’s a country-by-country breakdown of Christian denominations and populations in the Middle East: Lebanon Lebanon last conducted an official census in 1932, during the French Mandate. So all figures, including total population, are estimates based on various media, government and non-government organizations’ numbers. Total population, including non-Christians: 4 millionPercent Christian: 34-41%Maronite: 700,000Greek-Orthodox: 200,000Melkite: 150,000 Syria Like Lebanon, Syria has not conducted a reliable census since French Mandate times. Its Christian traditions date back to the time when Antioch, in present-day Turkey, was early Christianity’s center. Total population, including non-Christians: 18.1 millionPercent Christian: 5-9%Greek-Orthodox: 400,000Melkite: 120,000Armenian-Orthodox: 100,000Small numbers of Maronites and Protestants. Occupied Palestine/Gaza the West Bank According to the Catholic News Agency, â€Å"In the last 40 years, the Christian population in the West Bank has slumped from about 20 percent of the total to less than two percent today.† Most Christians then and now are Palestinians. The drop is a result of the combined effect of Israeli occupation and repression and a rise in Islamic militancy among Palestinians. Total population, including non-Christians: 4 millionGreek Orthodox: 35,000Melkite: 30,000Latin (Catholic): 25,000Some Copts and a small number of Protestants. Israel Israel’s Christians are a mixture of native-born Arabs and immigrants, including some Christian Zionists. The Israeli government claims 144,000 Israelis are Christians, including 117,000 Palestinian Arabs and several thousand Ethiopian and Russian Christians who migrated to Israel, with Ethiopian and Russian Jews, during the 1990s. The World Christian Database puts the figure at 194,000. Total population, including non-Christians: 6.8 millionGreek Orthodox: 115,000Latin (Catholic): 20,000Armenian Orthodox: 4,000Anglicans: 3,000Syrian Orthodox: 2,000 Egypt About 9% of Egypt’s population of 83 million are Christians, and most of them are Copts—descendants of Ancient Egyptians, adherents to the early Christian Church, and, since the 6th century, dissidents from Rome. For more details about Egypt’s Copts, read â€Å"Who Are Egypts Copts and Coptic Christians?† Total population, including non-Christians: 83 millionCopts: 7.5 millionGreek Orthodox: 350,000Coptic Catholic: 200,000Protestant: 200,000Small numbers of Armenian Orthodox, Melkites, Maronites and Syrian Catholics. Iraq Christians have been in Iraq since the 2nd century—mostly Chaldeans, whose Catholicism remains deeply influenced by ancient, eastern rites, and Assyrians, who are not Catholic. The war in Iraq since 2003 has ravaged all communities, Christians included. A rise in Islamism diminished Christians’ security, but attacks on Christians appear to be receding. Nevertheless, the irony, for Iraqs Christians, is that on balance they were far better off under Saddam Hussein than since his downfall. As Andrew Lee Butters writes in Time, About 5 or 6 percent of Iraqs population in the 1970s were Christian, and some of Saddam Husseins most prominent officials, including Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz were Christians. But since the American invasion of Iraq, Christians have fled in droves, and constitute less than one percent of the population. Total population, including non-Christians: 27 millionChaldean: 350,000 – 500,000Armenian Orthodox: 32,000 – 50,000Assyrian: 30,000Several thousand Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholic, and Protestant. Jordan As elsewhere in the Middle East, the number of Jordan’s Christians has been declining. Jordan’s attitude toward Christians had been relatively tolerant. That changed in 2008 with the expulsion of 30 Christian religious workers and an increase in religious persecutions overall. Total population, including non-Christians: 5.5 millionGreek Orthodox: 100,000Latin: 30,000Melkite: 10,000Protestant Evangelical: 12,000

macbeth plot analysis - 727 Words

01.08 Macbeth Plot Analysis Graphic Organizer Plot Elements Element Definition Act in the Play Exposition: The beginning of the play in which the characters and settings are introduced and initial conflicts are also presented. Act 1 Rising Action: The point of the play in which the initial story gets more complicated and the conflict is more revealed. Act 2 Climax: The highest point and also the turning point of the story in which many of the initial situations change. Act 3 Falling Action: The point of the story in which the conflicts and complications start to get resolved. Act 4 Resolution: The conclusion part of the story in which the outcomes of the story are†¦show more content†¦Banquo and Donalbain! Malcolm! awake! Shake off this downy sleep, death’s counterfeit, And look on death itself! up, up, and see The great doom s image! Malcolm! Banquo!† 2. This event is the rising action in which the conflict is more complicated sets up the chain events for the climax action to occur. Also the killing of King Duncan will allow Macbeth to be the King and foreshadows his will to commit more murders. Event Text Support Why is it important to the story? 3. After the Killing of the King, Macbeth worries a lot about the revelations of his actions and Lady Macbeth is trying to cheer and stop worrying, but his fear of the witches’ prophecy about Banquo’s desire to seize the throne makes Macbeth gather a group to murder him. 3. Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth to stop thinking about the things which cannot be changed: â€Å" Things without all remedy should be without regard.† Also after the killing of Bonquo, Macbeth is paranoid and behaves strangely: â€Å" Thou canst not say I did it: never shake thy gory locks at me.† 3. The importance of this event is the evidence of the previous foreshadowings of Macbeth’s ambitions of power which has brought him higher ambitions such as murdering the ones who disagree with him or doubt his loyalty. Reflection Choose one of the events you added to your graphic organizer and think about why it is an important piece of the plot. FocusShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Macbeth Essay912 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Macbeth Macbeth, is one of the greatest tragedy plays written by William Shakespeare. It is a rather short play with a major plot that we had to follow it carefully to understand its significance. The play is a tragedy about evil rising to power, which ends up corrupting the main characters Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. In the opening of the play Macbeth is introduced to the audience as Thane of Glamis and is respected. The witches also play a major part in theRead MoreDiscrepancies and Similarities between Shakespeares The Tragedy of Macbeth and History816 Words   |  4 Pagessequence of events. The Tragedy of Macbeth displays Macbeth, a zealous thane, and his successful homicide which results in his succession of the throne and his downfall. 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Movies and plays such as â€Å"The Titanic† and â€Å"Romeo Juliet† gave audiences a pang of sadness and amusement as the story line unraveled. Notably, the prevalence of the theme occurs in Shakespearean plays such as the tale of Macbeth which displays Aristotle’s definition of tragedy. The play Macbeth lives up to Aristotle’s

Reflection Patient and Surgery Center Free Essays

Kimberly Blatnica Preceptor Site: Surgery Center at Regency Park Clinical Reflection 4 17 October 2012 Today’s clinical experience allowed for new education and skill practice. I was able to precept in post-op, which was a great change. Being in pre-op, we are responsible for receiving clients from the OR. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection: Patient and Surgery Center or any similar topic only for you Order Now We then monitor them, reeducate, prepare for and perform discharge, and cleaning the area that was used by disinfecting, tossing and replacing linens, and moving the bed to an empty room in pre-op. We receive report from the circulating nurse and the nurse anesthetist when they first bring the patient to recovery. Together we hook the patient up to the monitors and record the first set of vitals together. These include: blood pressure, heart rate, respirations, temperature, pulse ox, pain (if patient is conscious), and an ECG reading if they were general. When I first arrived to clinical today- I was told we were going to be busy. I was also able to work with clients’ receiving urology and ENT procedures, not just cataracts. Urology was new for me but I was excited to be doing something different. Learning needs identified for this experience were only regarding urology patients. They differ due to the use of general anesthesia, the need to void before discharge, education of post-op care, and pain medication administration. Learning needs I identified from this experience includes education about the different urology procedures and education, how to effectively care for a general anesthesia patient during recovery, and complications. I met my needs by asking many questions during clinical and the use of our textbook. One of my client’s primary concerns occurred after he received a cystoscopy with the insertion of an indwelling urethral stent. This patient was a 52 year old male, with mild hypertension. No other health concerns were noted in his chart. He originally scheduled the procedure in order to remove a very large stone. However after waking up and speaking with the surgeon, he was told he had been too inflamed for the procedure. The surgeon asked him to schedule a second attempt for the removal for next week, in hopes the stent would decrease the swelling. This client also did not know how to care for the stent. The stent will make a patient feel the constant urge to void. This sensation is often relieved by pain medication. It is very uncomfortable and can easily be dislodged while passing stool, wiping, cleaning the area, and getting dressed. This specidic stent is attached to a string that hangs outside the patient’s body. The stent can lead to infection if the area is not kept clean. These were important concepts to discuss with the client. Main points I helped to educate were: take pain medication every 6 hours to eliminate the likelihood of increased pain, drink plenty of fluid to help flush the renal system, no bathes, signs of infection, situations when to calling the doctor is a must, and how to care for the stent. I also helped administer 2 rounds of Fentanyl and two Percocet to help relieve his discomfort and urge to void. He was then able to void which resulted in blood tinged urine. We assured the patient this was normal for the first void following surgery. He was in a lot of pain during this process. It was more comfortable for him to stand, but during his stay he spent most of his time sitting. He also had a forty-five minute drive home, which is why we decided to administer two Percocet, instead of one. One course objective I met today was: demonstrate effective communication skills. This was completed during every education session I had with my patients and their family member/friend prior to discharge. Regardless of the procedure, every person is provided with post-op care instructions. A second course objective I met was: collaborate with patients, families, health care team members, and others in the provision of care. I worked side by side with great nurses all day. We worked as a team with interventions, time management, discussions about the patient’s needs and concerns, reports, and preparations. We also worked close with those working in the OR. Also, while educating patients, sometimes there is a need to collaborate alternatives. This is important to maintain outstanding health care. Report on one patient at least 3 times throughout the semester| The 52 year old male described previously received surgery today in hopes of removing a painful stone. He was experiencing abdominal pain and has had a history of past stones requiring surgery. Diagnostic studies for this patient included a previous x-ray and today’s cystoscopy. The indications for surgical stone removal include: stones too large for spontaneous assage, stones associated with infection or impaired renal function, stones which cause persistent pain, nausea, or ileus, a patient’s inability to be treated with medication, or a patient with only one kidney (Lewis, 1137). Those associated in this case were size, risk for infection, renal function, and pain. An aspect that differed from a typical care was the inability for stone removal and severe inflammati on (Lewis, 1137-8). The passageway was so swollen; the surgeon could not even get near the stone’s location. Furthermore, usually patients will know why they have the reoccurrence of stones, while this patient did not. They hope after removing the stone, they will be able to prevent further episodes by testing the actual stone’s composition. Another patient I cared for today was a 17 month old male. His diagnosis was unspecified chronic nonsupportive otitis media. He received a typanostomy. Many symptoms and complications of otitis media in our text are congruent with this patient’s history- even though this patient is not an adult. The patient has a history of purulent exudates, bilateral hearing loss, and inflammation of the middle ear (Lewis, 426). Differentiating from our text, the child was often times seen pulling on his ears as a result of pain; while our text states it’s more likely to be painless (Lewis, 426). Complications of this disorder results in chronic inflammation which was most likely the cause of his pain. Typanoplasty, ear irrigations, antibiotics, analgesic, and surgery are all recommendations for those with Otitis media (Lewis, 426). These interventions were in the patient’s file. Today, he had the tubes removed from both ears and left with a prescription for Tylenol and antibiotics. This procedure was recommended if medication was not successful (Lewis, 426). | Report on at least ONCE throughout the semester | Today during the recovery of the 52 year old male mentioned above, we noticed he did not have his two prescriptions written. It was important we found the surgeon before he left (this happened to be his last case). The patient was missing his prescription for his antibiotic and pain medication. Both important for his recovery and duration between surgeries. My preceptor paged for the surgeon, and he happened to return before she returned to the patients area. I was feeding the patient ice cubes when he asked me what the call was for. I was able to show the surgeon his orders and blank scripts. He filled them out and I began to explain the use of and directions for both medications. I was able to communicate with the surgeon both effectively and professionally. Furthermore, it helped the surgeon was very nice- to staff and patients. I did not think or feel much about the interaction ahead of time. It happened so fast, but once it was over I was proud of myself. I feel even as a student nurse, you still have to be prepared for anything. If I could, I would change the fact the prescriptions were written out ahead of time. At the surgery center we have receptionists that organize our charts. These staff members keep the jobs of nurses and doctors organized and effective. A couple weeks ago, I was going through a chart and noticed a patient’s medication reconsolidation form was missing. By speaking to the receptionists, they were able to obtain another copy. This form is very important when discussing medication regimens with patients in post-op. It is important for new medications to be explained and checked for incompatibilities with other medications the patient is prescribed. I felt speaking to the receptionists was not much of a challenge; however, without their help we could have had a more serious complication. I do not feel receptionists get enough credit in the medical setting. They may not be running around all day; however, without them at the surgery center (which does not have EMRs) they play a role in patient safety and allow everyone else to perform their duties. | How to cite Reflection: Patient and Surgery Center, Papers

Strategic Management Different Sustainability Ethic at Work

Question: Part One 1. Choose a concept/model in strategic management. You can choose the concept from the ones discussed in the course or you can choose another one. Examples of concepts are: core competencies, generic strategies, mergers and acquisitions, alliances, CSR, blue ocean strategy, etc. 2. Critically examine the concept: define the concept; identify when it was first discussed and what the arguments were for its creation; discuss how the concept then evolved by identifying the arguments for and against it over time and by noting any adaptations. 3. Explain how the concept fits today with other concepts of strategic management, and discuss how/if the concept is relevant or not to todays business challenges.you must demonstrate you can research and develop a deep understanding of a concept by identifying, examining and challenging different views of it. You should reference a minimum of 10 academic sources: academic books and/or articles from academic journals that are peer-reviewed. This excludes textbooks, articles from business magazines and popular books you may find in airport bookstores, but you can use these as additional supporting references if needed. All sources should be correctly referenced using the Harvard system, as for any professional academic document. 4. Present a real life case study of the concept that you chose in Part One in action. You can use your own organisation or an organisation of your choice we recommend you use an organisation you are personally familiar with as it will be easier for you to see inside the organisation This should be like a mini-case study where you will present the situation of the organisation you choose, the issues faced, and how the concept was or is being used to solve the issues and raise the general performance of the organisation. you must show you can integrate theory and practice. You do this by giving examples of the theory in action, and by evaluating the approach taken and how effective it was in delivering the desired results. By reflecting on events, you may even challenge the theory itself From the events you describe, is the theory valid? How can it be improved? How will you evaluate the impact that your chosen strategic concept has on the organization; how do you measure success? (The article uses the terms fruitful, performance, growth, and fit with environment. How will you measure success of the implementation of the strategic concept?) Article Uploaded. How will you evaluate the impact of your chosen strategic concept on stakeholder commitment? Answer: Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR has assumed immense importance in recent years. CSR nowadays is deemed as a prescription which governments and businesses make use of while dealing with various social concerns. The purpose of this report is to portray how organizations in Sri Lanka comprehend the role of business in society in keeping with their business perspectives. Given the context in Sri Lanka, an analysis of existing perceptions of the social role of business offers important insights into its contribution towards establishing sustainability and development. Social responsibility refers to the commitment of the firm beyond profit making goals and objectives and pursues long-term goals that are beneficial for the society by and large. The following analysis delves in an exhaustive analysis of a Sri Lankan prominent firm which maintains ethical behavior, sustainable development and philanthropic ideals and ideas. The myths of CSR encompasses over voluntary reporting which i mproves performance, management systems that change corporate behavior. It is imperative that the business follows ethical standards while operating in its respective domain. The detailed analysis aims to provide an understanding of the nature and avenues of practices of CSR in Sri Lanka. To be precise, it explores varied social engagements and other related activities undertaken by the organization to fulfill the desired goals and objectives. The CSR promotes a vision of business accountability to various stakeholders associated in the business besides investors and shareholders. Various theories have been propagated about corporate social responsibility and how the organization approaches the concept to solve the issues and concerns to raise the general performance of the entity. Definition and overview With the aim of having a better understanding of CSR plans in Sri Lanka, various researches have been taken up to describe existing activities, approaches, and others. At the outset, there are various ideas of corporate social responsibility. While some experts have general ideas about what CSR is others illustrate the same as an act of transparency, good governance, and business ethics while conducting business responsibly and profitably. The areas of engagement included the likes of, employment practice, business conduct, community involvement and reporting and monitoring performance (Alvarez, 2015). Various experts construed CSR as a medium of well-being to the society while others were perceived this something not beneficial to the society but to the businesses only. Sri Lanka boasts of a rich legacy of corporate philanthropy. Most business organizations believe that CSR was driven by conventions. They recognized CSR as a significant practice that had been restructured to suit th e modern needs. On the other hand, traditional corporations based in Sri Lanka are guided by formal policies with some degree of flexibility to suit the needs of the organization. The image-building achieved through CSR accentuates an organizations ability or competence to attract new customers and increase market share concerning players or competitors in the market (Madsen and Rodgers, 2015). Building a better relationship with the community wherein the firm operates augments the chances of managing situations that emanate from community issues. As a matter of fact, studies validate that, resources based on socially responsible entities exert great motivation, loyalty, and commitment which ultimately contributes to the growth and productivity of the organization (Azmat and Zutshi, 2012). There are varieties of CSR engagements that deserve special mention. The host of activities includes, safety awareness, education, business drives to reduce unemployment, livelihood, medical assis tance to name a few. The rationale of this paper is to investigate the impact of this strategic move as a tool of success for the organization and also reflects over the need for improvement while implementing CSR activities by the management of the firm. Origin and arguments for its creation The origin of the corporate social responsibility dates back to 60 years. Morrell Herald wrote about corporate social responsibility in the book the social responsibilities of business between the years 1900-1966 (cebcglobal.org, 2015). According to Caroll (2008), the history of social responsibility goes back to the 19th century. The author took back the readers to the time of industrial revolution and called the term social responsibility rather. The corporate culture and the functions of a corporate world have not been settled until then. Many critics argued that the actual intervention of corporate social responsibility started in the year 1950. However, Caroll differed with the idea because during the era of 1800, the employer were more concerned with the employees and were finding out ways to make them more productive for the organization. The factory system that was implemented in Great Britain could be regarded as a good a sign to start the practice of corporate social responsibility. Many arguments were put forward regarding the employment of women and children in the factories. Many reformers feel that the employment of women and children in the factories gave rise to various social problems, like poverty, females a child labor, unrest among labors and rise of slums. As said by Caroll (2008), Wren was able to see the positive side of the problems as it gave it rise to business acumen, humanitarianism, and philanthropy. Due to the social problems that have cropped up in the factories, the society was able to see the need for the protection of the employees from the labor problems and take steps that will help in implementing certain actions that would be considered both business and social (Dhaliwal et al. 2012). Some of the areas which experienced improvement the provision of hospitals and clinics, lunch-rooms, rec reational facilities, bathrooms and profit sharing that will help in the improvement of the conditions of the employees working for the company. The idea of corporate social responsibility gradually moved on to discuss the cases of corporate philanthropy. It has been said that the managers and the employers were more generous during the olden times. While discussing about the legal questions on corporate philanthropy, Wren talked about two cases that related to corporate philanthropy. The first case occurred in the year, 1883, when the organization, West Cork Railroad Company took steps to compensate on their employees who had to lose their job due to the dissolution of the corporation. However, Lord Justice Byron did not support the action of compensation as according to him, charity is not about business and the money of the company should only be used for the business purposes (Hahn, 2013). In another case that involved Steinway, the court permitted a piano manufacturer to use the land adjoining the workplace to be used for to build a church, school and library for the employees. The court permitted the usage of the land, as it will help in the enhancement of the employee relations. Thus, it could be seen that in the both the cases the organization or the individual has a similar motive of improving the positions of the employees but the judgment for the cases were different (Hiller, 2013). Hence, it is quite clear that earlier, the people who supported philanthropy had to fight a lot to make the society understand the meaning of philanthropy and the positive effect of philanthropy on the society. Many skeptical businesspersons claim that business is all about making profit and not for the welfare of the society (Hahn, 2013). On other hand, there are various shareholders who take part in the business of an organization. The organization use the money of the company for the works related to corporate social responsibility (Calabrese et al. 2013). Thus, it can be considered as a theft. As the company is using the money of the shareholders, hence, it the organization is not allowed to use the money of an external source. Many feel that the primary work for the organization is to develop the products as per the customers need of the product (Hiller, 2013). The managers should decide what is good for the organization rather than the managers deciding the functions that will help in the betterment of the society. The mangers are not expertise in the areas of handling social issues. Hence, they may not know the exact details of the social problems of the society. If they are concentrating on the betterment of the society, they would not be able to devote the required amount of time for the work for which they have been hired in the organization. The company should compensate many at times, the pollution, created by the industrial activity of the organizations. The pollution at times affects the living being and the nature (Calabrese et al. 2013). The company has no right to pollute the environment for their business purposes. Hence, the corporate social responsibility will be helpful for the organizations to look after the damage of the society that they might have made in the society. Corporate social responsibility helps in building the public relations (Dhaliwal et al. 2012). Once the organization will look after the betterment of the society, the organization will get highlighted in the society and hence it will help the organization to gain recognition in the external market. The stakeholders will also be impressed if they see that their partners are looking after the social problems, they will get interested in the partnerships with the company. Evolution and adaptation CSR The evolution of the corporate social responsibility can be explained in the following manner: Figure 1: Evolution of corporate social responsibility (Source: Cheng, Ioannou and Serafeim, 2014) In the older days, people engaged in philanthropy, tried to improve the conditions of the employee, and tried to solve in small social problems that were related to the employees of the organization and aim towards social betterment (Moon, 2014). Gradually, the organization became globalised and took part in the international level. Form the narrow focus of the philanthropy, the organization became globalised business players and gained the position of citizenship. The citizenship then help the company to gain from the corporate social relationship as the organization thought for the betterment of the organization. Corporate social responsibility helped the organization in cause marketing and the organization could use the corporate social responsibility in the form of business strategy rather than a step just for the improvement of the society (Korschun, Bhattacharya and Swain, 2014). The organization realized that the corporate social responsibility is not only for cost cutting, it can also helped in incurring the profit from the market. The final phase of corporate social responsibility is helping in the sustainability of the business (Lund-Thomsen and Lindgreen, 2014). The organization can implement corporate social responsibility in the strategic management that will help the organization to face the challenges and finally reach in a mutually beneficial solution (Boulouta and Pitelis, 2014). Thus, the organization will not only profit from the business in the market but will act as the responsible citizen of the society that works for the betterment of the society. The responsibility taken up by the organization will help in the future growth of the organization. The concept of corporate social responsibility has been adapted in the following theories Stakeholder theory The best part of Stakeholders theory is that, it first thinks about prevention and not cures (Brammer, Jackson and Matten, 2012). Rather than damaging the society and then take actions to save the society. The actions that will affect the society negatively will be evaluated. Those actions will be stopped even before it is implemented by the organization. Hence, financially, the organization will be benefitted as they will not have to spend the extra amount of money for the cure and make use of the money directly for the society. It will also help the organization not to tarnish the name in the society. The organization can concentrate on the welfare of the society rather than thinking of other factors. Triple bottom line theory The triple bottom line theory takes into consideration three types of sustainability: Economics sustainability Environmental sustainability Social sustainability The organizations follow the corporate social responsibility so that they are able to sustain themselves economically (Gimenez, Sierra and Rodon, 2012). The organizations should be able to get recognized in the external market with the help of their business. The corporate social responsibility will help in sustaining themselves as the people will come to know about the works of the organization and will help the organization to grow. Finally, the environmental sustainability will help the organization maintain a healthy operation for their business and help the society as a whole. Relevancy of the concept in todays world To understand the relevancy of corporate social responsibility in the present world, a study was carried out to find if the people of the society feel that there is a need of corporate social responsibility. Sri Lankans was hugely affected by the war between government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). To bring peace in the nation, Norway extended help as the facilitator of peace in the year, 2001 and there and the signed of the ceasefire agreement in the year 2002 (International-alert.org, 2016). However, things did not shape up the entire peace agreement broke down in the year 2003. When the people were asked about the functions corporate social responsibility, the Sri Lankans did not have a clear idea about the concepts of corporate social responsibility. Some of them felt that the companies should think about the social cause while carrying out their business. However, they are not able to trust the ability of those companies as they felt at the companies are there to exploit the consumers and damage the cultural values of the society. During that time, it was found that the organizations indulged in some kinds of charitable giving but there was no proper strategy or policy that of corporate social responsibility for those organization (Kim, Park and Wier, 2012). They wanted to help the in the betterment of the nation but themselves not are how to proceed for it. Comparison of CSR with Merger and Acquisition as a facet of Strategic Management An organizations reputation and longevity requires more than financial prosperity. Various business scandals and MA or Merger and Acquisition issues are a real threat to a corporations long-term sustainability. Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR is more than a management philosophy; it also plays a significant role in MA strategy. Various experts have tried to establish a relationship between CSR and Merger and Acquisition. However, the comparison of corporate social responsibility to that of MA has been welcomed by other countries in the world. The factual reality is, corporations which experience governance issues have been found to be more likely to engage in MA activity. The following instance will elucidate the given proposition. One of the examples is the cooperation of the private firms in Brazil (Mendis, 2016). The private forms like Shell Do Brasil, which is a oil company and RedeGlobo which is a media company came together to help the country to restore Christ the Redee mer, the statue in Brazil in the year 2010. The contribution by the two organizations to fulfill their corporate social responsibility can be compared with another strategic concept like merging and acquisitions (Rajapakse and Manamperi, 2015). The two organizations helped each other as well as the people of Brazil to help restore the statue. The partnerships help the organizations fulfill their corporate social responsibility as well as helped them in managing the extra finances for the corporate social responsibility. Thus, both the organizations will be benefitted, as it will help the organization to keep up their name in their market. The statue is one of the public interests in Brazil and helping in restoring the statue will help in gaining a good name among the public. On the other hand, there are cases when the private firms have used corporate social responsibility in the wrong manner (Navi, 2012). One of the private firms has distributed contaminated milk to the underdeveloped sections of the society and that too for a lesser amount of price. When the people fell ill after having the contaminated milk, they distributed medicines that were developed in their pharmaceutical section, again at a lesser price. Hence, it can be seen that competition in the market has reached its peak and to stay ahead in the race of corporate social responsibility, the organizations are gradually forgetting the basic business ethics. CSR and Blue-Ocean Strategy The origin of BOS or Blue ocean strategy is value creation. A blue ocean is created when the firm realizes the significance of innovation which would create value both for the company and consumers. Blue oceans states innovation may be made in a product, service and solution which eventually create value in the market (Alvarez, 2015). Value innovation is a strategic framework which entails over two pronged step where a firm establishes various factors while creating new innovative products and solutions with an objective of positioning in an uncontested market place. The strategic approach that organizations initiate to accomplish sustainable growth of profit and revenue are based on the way managers think since of how they do business. While the high growth firms do not exert sharp focus on surpassing their rival, rather they aim to make the competition irrelevant by implementation of fundamentals of value innovation. The BOS and CSR approaches are somewhat similar because both delv e in value creation for the firm and the business community, overall. In either of the cases, once the client commitments are established, firms should find ways of product improvement through incremental innovation (Wang et al. 2016). CSR and Five Forces CSR and Porters five forces are interrelated. CSR becomes more relevant as economies stabilize and grow. Thus the greatest attention of CSR is reflected in developed nations. Globalization is one such factor which aims to increase the wealth and power of multinational corporations. Moreover, cultural differences contribute to complexity of CSR since the expectations of acceptable behavior vary on a regional basis. CSR will assume to become more prominent which is likely to be an essential cog in the wheel of strategic management (Kinderman, 2015). The five forces and CSR would continue to develop towards a greater social responsibility on the part of the organizations. Though CSR and five forces may vary on an industrial basis, yet both creates influence over the profitability as they affect the prices capital investments along with helping in making strategic decisions as utilized by managers to settle on industrys competitive structure. To know more about the relevancy of corporate social responsibility, authors, Bandara Rajapakse and Lahiru Manamperi talked about the Sri Lankan companies in the article, The Title How Do Sri Lankan Companies Perceive Corporate Social Responsibility? An Empirical Study of the Motivations Underlying CSR Projects and Reporting By Sri Lankan Companies. The authors carried out a survey to study twenty companies who are being involved with the corporate social responsibility. The companies revealed that they have various reasons for adhering to corporate social responsibility and make separate reports of corporate social responsibility work (Rajapakse and Manamperi, 2015). Some of the reasons are: The pressure from the stakeholders to know about the companies works related to corporate social responsibility. The stakeholders are would like to know the information regarding the expenditure of the company due to corporate social responsibility activities and how it helped the company as a whole Some companies feel publishing the report will help enhancing the business of the organization Some companies feel that publishing the report and letting the people about the activities of the company in gaining benefits from the public relations. Some companies publish the reports as the government has asked for reports regarding the corporate social responsibility of the organization. Many companies fail to understand whether corporate social responsibility is burden for them or a blessing. However, in the modern world, almost every company as well as the stakeholders has understood that corporate social responsibility is one of the most important factors that will help in sustainable development of the organization (Aguinis and Glavas, 2012). In fact, the stakeholders are urging the companies to mention the corporate social responsibility activities in their annual report for the public to know. They feel the urge to help the society and the community and carry out their works ethically (Kim, Park and Wier, 2012). However, nowadays, with every social cause scandals come complimentary with the actions taken by the company for the development of the society. However, it is expected that the organization will carry out their corporate social responsibility without compromising their actions towards the society. Part two Issues faced in CSR implementation Expolanka Holdings Plc is a popular name in Sri Lanka which is engaged in various CSR activities and committed to resolving environmental issues like reducing carbon emission and neutrality. While operating, the firm has encountered hindrances of varying degrees which created issues in the implementation of corporate social responsibility measures by the firm. The main concerns faced by Expolanka Holdings Plc are elucidated below (Dissanayake et al. 2016). Religious considerations: Many Sri Lankans have inherent religious beliefs which have its effect in their professional parlance too. This factor is apparent across different sectors in Sri Lanka where daily business operations are conducted as per religious observance. Approximately eighty percent of the population is Buddhist. As per the philosophy, there is a concept named Karma, which means one reaps what he sows. In the activities undertaken by Expolanka Holdings Plc religious clerics caused impediments and exerted influence in relief activities. Thus the firm was bound to consider the religious sentiments in the course of performing its operations (Abeydeera et al. 2016). The disparity between rich and poor: In Sri Lanka, there is a wide space between the rich and poor. This factor also influences the CSR activities. The various activities of Expolanka Holdings Plc are guided by this principle. These interventions are often ad hoc and individual to companies. They are not carried out with focused objectives of poverty reduction. Though the entity delved in environmental issues, yet they had to get involved in some community services not restricting to environmental relief or so (Kinderman, 2015). Victims expectations: Sri Lanka had been marred by natural disasters of varying degrees. The victims of droughts, floods expected the relevant authorities to assist them in the hour of crisis. However, the nature of support extended was not adequate, to say the least. Thus Expolanka Holdings Plc had to alter their primary CSR activity and engage in rehabilitation projects for the victims of natural disasters. Most of the organizations practiced the act of giving doles and donations earlier. Little did they know that the victims were not interested in handouts but deserve self-respect (Tschopp and Huefner, 2015). Influence of disasters: The normal perspective is that disaster mitigation is the responsibility of various aid agencies and public sector. As a matter of fact, the nation had experienced floods and landslides of immense magnitude. The impact of such disasters forced Expolanka Holdings Plc and other entities to take up the initiative of disaster rehabilitation in Sri Lanka. They came up with novel ideas of de-salination of plants to manage the crisis (Idowu, 2016). Governments role: In the region, the Ministry of Social service calls the shots as far as disaster management is concerned. The National Disaster Management Centre has the authorization to attend to all the disaster-related concerns and issues. When these authorities got into a huddle of how to negate the crisis they did not have any clear idea whatsoever. They acknowledged the fact that private sectors role is essential in dealing with the issue (Fernando, 2016). Thus the Disaster Management department issued a circular which impelled all the private sector entities to concentrate in the area of reconstruction and relief than performing their genre of activities. The government department proposed a Bill in the Parliament which incorporated the private sector in relief and mitigation services. The plan envisages appointing various committees at the district followed by national level where private entities would be called upon to participate. Although the government invited particip ation from the private industry, many entities were reluctant to participate in the same scheme. On the other hand, there was a growing discontent that those entities that are within the purview of government would receive a grant from the government (Hettiarachchi and Gunawardana, 2012). Hence, this suspicious attitude towards the government posed a hindrance to implementing governments initiatives. Expolanka Holdings Plc found it hard to adjust to the governmental way of thinking. They were used to private sector way of thinking, and the introduction of government approach in such scheme of things made things intricate for the organization. The organization discovered that there was no such organized structure necessary to implement the project. Moreover, the red tape paraphernalia of government created more issues in CSR activities. They were made to undertake relief works which were totally against what their core competencies are. It is worthwhile to mention that few private co mpanies did maintain good liaison with the government which made it easier for them to operate in states scheme of things (Berkman and Galpoththage, 2016). NGO Association: Expolanka Holdings Plc was reluctant to partner with NGOs not to distrust them but to work independently. Since the company caters to environmental needs, carbon emissions to be precise, NGO involvement in this regard is uncalled for. Expolanka Holdings Plc is much comfortable with a unilateral approach. It is clear that the company wishes to perform its projects without any institutional linkages. Aligning with NGO functioning style made it hard for the said organization to discharge duties and responsibilities in best possible manner (Chen and Johnson, 2015). The role of Chamber of Commerce and Associations: This is one such predicament which the company found wanting in. At the outset, it is important to mention the inception and role of Chamber of Commerce in Sri Lanka. The Chamber was established in 1839 which encompasses over every sphere of economic and business activities. The associations initiatives were more of profit making than philanthropic activities. Such impression rubs over the companies and bodies. Engagement in disaster-related activities seemed to take a backseat and business promotional doings assumed immense importance over others. This is totally in contrast to corporate social responsibility aspects which are followed by the entities (Betz, 2015). Evaluation of effectiveness of CSR practice Corporate Social Responsibility is not only about conforming to environmental standards but also augment the firm in growth and development. CSR is not about altruism. The managers of Expolanka Holdings Plc have adopted the CSR which is above legal requirements that are willingly accepted to achieve sustainable development (Westermann-Behaylo et al. 2015). The corporation has realized that they need to incorporate social, economic and environmental impacts of their operations which in turn would benefit all stakeholders. The framework below illustrates the effectiveness of CSR in the case of Expolanka Holdings Plc. Stage Degree of effectiveness Detailed explanation Defensive Denial of practices, responsibilities or outcome. Evidence of some degree of CSR was found in Expolanka Holdings Plc Sri Lanka. Compliance Adaptation of policy-based compliance method as a means of doing business. Owing to limited resources, CSR implementation was defensive and reactive which is based on the minimizing probability of harm to the business and inclined toward philanthropic activities rather than strategic initiatives (Needles et al. 2016). Managerial Implant societal concepts in core management process. CSR, in this case, is deemed as business as usual and embedded within organizational parameters namely, diversity management, human capital development, etc. Strategic Integration of social issues into core business strategies. CSR is deemed as a value proposition for Expolanka Holdings Plc. The management level responsibility ensured strategic nature of CSR and focused on attaining shared value (M. Shamil et al. 2014). Civil Promote broad industry participation concerning corporate responsibility. The company has made progress in CSR through a collaborative approach with various stakeholders that cultivate joint innovation and institutionalization of corporate social responsibility within the edifice of the organization (Berkman and Galpoththage, 2016). Impact of CSR in realizing business goals As stated earlier, corporate social responsibility refers to a demonstration of the firms values beyond the organizational parlance. It is a collective and individual initiative of improving the cultural, physical and social environment in which the entity operates. The firm envisions a community of conscientious and competent employees who would practice social responsibility and inspire others to do the same (Wang et al. 2016). The company has been clinical in performing goodwill initiatives under the healthcare category. The CSR Department of Expolanka Holdings Plc conducted several benevolent activities throughout the year with a focus on the environment, community development, and disaster relief, to name a few. The efficacy of the organization is reflected in carrying out series of health camps in places namely, Kaduwala, Gampaha which served over three hundred elderly individuals (Osella et al. 2015). The group invested towards sustainability which demonstrates the focus of th e company towards integration of sustainability and environmental concern to the business operations. Expolanka Holdings Plc aims to be a leader in developing enduring sustainability in the communities it operates in. Conclusion The analysis above delves in a detailed discussion of corporate strategic management as an essential part of strategic management. Various analogies have been made between CSR and Merger and Acquisitions which expounds the contribution of both as an effective tool of Strategic Management. The report duly discusses key theories of CSR and how it may be related to the given organization namely, Expolanka Holdings Plc. The company has realized that providing information to various parties across the business domain on corporate social responsibility is a good proposition which creates interest amongst relevant parties. However, in the quest of realizing organizational goals, the firm had encountered several issues which caused impediments in operation. Expolanka Holdings Plc had successfully negated the shortcomings while successfully positioning itself in the business domain. References Abeydeera, S., Kearins, K. and Tregidga, H., 2016. Does Buddhism Enable a Different Sustainability Ethic at Work?. Intellectual Shamans, Wayfinders, Edgewalkers, and Systems Thinkers: Building a Future Where All Can Thrive: A special theme issue of The Journal of Corporate Citizenship (Issue 62), 62, p.109. Aguinis, H. and Glavas, A., 2012. What we know and dont know about corporate social responsibility a review and research agenda.Journal of management,38(4), pp.932-968. Alvarez, A., 2015. Corporate response to human resource disclosure recommendations. Social Responsibility Journal, 11(2), pp.306-323. Azmat, F. and Zutshi, A., 2012. Influence of home country culture and regulatory environment on corporate social responsibility perceptions: The case of Sri Lankan immigrant entrepreneurs. Thunderbird International Business Review, 54(1), pp.15-27. Berkman, H. and Galpoththage, V., 2016. Political connections and firm value: an analysis of listed firms in Sri Lanka. Pacific Accounting Review, 28(1), pp.92-106. Betz, J., 2015. Corporate social responsibility and emerging powers. International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics, 10(3-4), pp.230-247. Boulouta, I. and Pitelis, C.N., 2014. Who needs CSR? The impact of corporate social responsibility on national competitiveness.Journal of Business Ethics,119(3), pp.349-364. Brammer, S., Jackson, G. and Matten, D., 2012. Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory: New perspectives on private governance.Socio-Economic Review,10(1), pp.3-28. Calabrese, A., Costa, R., Menichini, T., Rosati, F. and Sanfelice, G., 2013. Turning Corporate Social Responsibility driven Opportunities in Competitive Advantages: a Two dimensional Model.Knowledge and Process Management,20(1), pp.50-58. Carroll, A.B., 2008. A history of corporate social responsibility. cebcglobal.org, (2015).Corporate Social Responsibility Th e s h a p e o f a h i s t o ry, 1 9 4 5 - 2 0 0 4. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.cebcglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/CSR-The_Shape_of_a_History.pdf [Accessed 6 Aug. 2016]. Chen, V.Z. and Johnson, L., 2015. Emerging market MNEs and social responsibility: An institutional pressure perspective. Transnational Corporations, 22(3), pp.1-4. Cheng, B., Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G., 2014. Corporate social responsibility and access to finance.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), pp.1-23. Dhaliwal, D.S., Radhakrishnan, S., Tsang, A. and Yang, Y.G., 2012. Nonfinancial disclosure and analyst forecast accuracy: International evidence on corporate social responsibility disclosure.The Accounting Review,87(3), pp.723-759. Dissanayake, D., Tilt, C. and Xydias-Lobo, M., 2016. Sustainability reporting by publicly listed companies in Sri Lanka. Journal of Cleaner Production, 129, pp.169-182. Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014.Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Fernando, M., 2016. The Moral Basis for Responsibility. In Leading Responsibly in the Asian Century (pp. 31-52). Springer International Publishing. Gimenez, C., Sierra, V. and Rodon, J., 2012. Sustainable operations: Their impact on the triple bottom line.International Journal of Production Economics,140(1), pp.149-159. Hahn, R., 2013. ISO 26000 and the standardization of strategic management processes for sustainability and corporate social responsibility.Business Strategy and the Environment,22(7), pp.442-455. Hettiarachchi, D.C. and Gunawardana, K.D., 2012. The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting (CSRR) on Financial Performance-Empirical Evidence from Sri Lanka. The Business Management Review, 2(1), p.66. Hiller, J.S., 2013. The benefit corporation and corporate social responsibility.Journal of Business Ethics,118(2), pp.287-301. Idowu, S.O., 2016. Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives From Around the World: An Introduction. In Key Initiatives in Corporate Social Responsibility (pp. 1-18). Springer International Publishing. International-alert.org, (2016).Peace through Profit: Sri Lankan Perspectives on Corporate Social Responsibility | International Alert. [online] International-alert.org. 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Enhancing the concept of corporate diplomacy: Encompassing political corporate social responsibility, international relations, and peace through commerce. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 29(4), pp.387-404.

An Overview of MHRA Referencing

An Overview of MHRA Referencing An Overview of MHRA Referencing If you’re studying in the humanities, you may be asked to use MHRA referencing at some point. But what exactly is the MHRA system? And how does it work? Let us explain. What Is MHRA Referencing? The Modern Humanities Research Association is a UK-based organization that promotes study of the humanities, particularly literature and languages. It is best known for producing the MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors, Editors, and Writers of Theses. MHRA referencing, meanwhile, is the citation system set out within this guide. You can download [PDF] the third edition of the MHRA Style Guide for free if you want a full explanation. But since it is quite a big book, we’ll summarize the important points here. Citing Sources When people refer to MHRA referencing, they usually mean the footnote and bibliography version. This is where sources are cited in footnotes, indicated with superscript numbers in the text: These numbers usually appear at the end of a sentence, like this.1 The first time you cite a source, include full publication information. For a book, for instance, this means giving the following details: n. Author Name(s), Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page number(s). Repeat citations of the same source can then be shortened to save space. The MHRA style guide recommends using the â€Å"shortest intelligible form† for this, usually just the author’s surname and a pinpoint citation. Make sure to check whether your university has other rules, though. There is also an author–date version of MHRA referencing, but this is much less common. The Bibliography In MHRA referencing, you should list all cited sources in a bibliography at the end of your document. However, for a bibliography entry you should: Invert the first listed author’s surname and forename. Leave out pinpoint citations and final punctuation. You would format a book like this, for example: Surname, First Name, Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year) More generally, you should set out the bibliography as follows: List sources alphabetically by author surname. List anonymous works by title (ignoring articles for alphabetical order). If citing more than one work by the same author, sort them by title. You would then use two em dashes in place of the author’s name(s) for each entry after the first. Use italics for titles of longer works (e.g., books). Use inverted commas for shorter works (e.g., journal articles). You can abbreviate the titles of frequently cited journals. However, you must also give the full titles in a list of abbreviations earlier in your work. If you follow these rules, making sure everything is consistent, you should end up with a perfectly formatted MHRA bibliography. But if you want to be extra sure everything is in order, don’t forget to have your work checked by one of Proofed’s expert proofreaders.

The Concept Of Sustainability In The Hotel Industry Tourism Essay Essays

The Concept Of Sustainability In The Hotel Industry Tourism Essay Essays The Concept Of Sustainability In The Hotel Industry Tourism Essay Essay The Concept Of Sustainability In The Hotel Industry Tourism Essay Essay Over the old ages, sustainability and environmental issues have gained important attending in cordial reception, touristry and direction projects.A Across the universe, treatments on sustainable development including that of cordial reception industry are ongoing ; in fact the cordial reception industry is taking a serious note of it. This chapter discusses on issues, challenges and tendencies that cordial reception industry is confronting and might confront in the coming old ages in front. Eco Responsible Approach and the top issues that might act upon the planetary cordial reception industry in the coming old ages in front including sustainable development, calls for green cordial reception, labor cost, multicultural issues and higher instruction are taken actively. Latest Trends in the cordial reception, ways to heighten guest experience in cordial reception and guest outlooks to green enterprises shall be discussed. Further, the facets refering to guest demands for sustainable merchandises A ; services shall be covered. Cardinal words: Sustainable ; Issues ; Challenges ; Trends ; Hospitality Industry 7.2 Sustainability, Tourism A ; Hospitality: The construct of sustainable development was ab initio taken in the context of the societal indexs and thenceforth expanded to turn to the environmental indexs. The World Commission on Environment and Development ( The Brundtland Commission ) popularised the construct of sustainable development in 1987. We may specify sustainable development as: Development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands. World Tourism Organisation ( UNWTO ) has mentioned that Sustainable touristry development meets the demands of present tourers and host parts, while protecting and heightening chances for the hereafter. It is envisaged as taking to direction of all resources in such a manner that economic, societal and aesthetic demands can be fulfilled, while keeping cultural unity, indispensable ecological procedures, biological diverseness and life support systems. The dimensions of sustainability encompasses of following elements: competency direction ; eco-efficiency ; fiscal direction ; inventions ; operational public presentation ; merchandise public presentation. stakeholder direction ; and sustainable direction ; Sustainability patterns are going progressively common and the issues refering to sustainability hold become an indispensable portion of the societal and political treatments in most of the states. These yearss many of the little concerns have to fight for endurance in a universe of competitions with cardinal participants, amalgamations and mega corporations. There is a strong impulse for sustainable development and therefore demand of engagement of all stakeholders including local communities. Further there is a strong demand for educating the immature people on the environmental issues and transfusing the values in their heads so as to do the universe a better topographic point in which to populate. The construct of sustainability in the Hotel Industry: The cordial reception industry is bit by bit going one of the great illustrations of why running a sustainable concern will be important for long-run success. Defined at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro as meeting the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands , sustainability is progressively going one of the most relevant issues to hotelkeepers in the twenty-first century as costs continue to lift, demand becomes progressively sensitive and the force per unit area on being economically, socially and environmentally responsible grows. Due to the turning environmental debasement, society is forced to go progressively cognizant of the demand of following and implementing more effectual steps of environmental protection. Sustainable development, including the development of a more sustainable built environment, has therefore become a precedence and a challenge of our clip. A figure of surveies indicate that the hotel industry has an of import duty in this procedure. The planetary hotel industry, consisting of assorted installations, constitutes one of the most of import sectors of the touristry industry. Hotels provide adjustment and offer high degree of resources for use ( including energy, H2O, consumables ) in hotel installations, the environmental footmark of hotels is typically larger than those of other types of edifices of same size. Research has revealed that the hotels are big users of consumer goods ; waste coevals is one of the more seeable impacts the hotel industry has on the environment. Harmonizing to an IHEI ( 2002 ) estimation, a typical hotel green goodss in surplus of 1 kilogram of waste per guest-day, which, for a typical installation, consequences in many dozenss of waste each month. These figures clearly reflect that there is an pressing demand for more environmentally sound patterns and merchandises in the hotel industry. Over the old ages, there has been an increased environmental consciousness among the general populace and the development of the construct of green consumerism has flourished. Where, most of the hotels in the recent yesteryear were paying attending to environmental duty it has is now progressively emerged as a corporate issue. However, in order to accomplish greater environmental duty, proper execution tools and schemes are necessary. The instruments of action include the enforcement of relevant Torahs and ordinances ( wellness and safety demands, planning and edifice ordinances, H2O use, waste coevals and the release of emanations ) , every bit good as voluntary criterions. Certification and labelling strategies are progressively turning in popularity. Further, the authoritiess, NGO s, Academic Communities are coming up to help hotelkeepers in running more environmentally responsible concerns. As a affair of fact many good hotel ironss have besides developed their faculties and have practiced advanced patterns. Significantly, the research survey by Centre for Hospitality Research, Cornell University ( 2010 ) A ; ( 2012 ) by Glenn Withiam A ; Rohit Verma in Hotel Year Book 2012 highlighted on Sustainability mentioning clients demand for sustainable hotel operations has taken root and expanded. The hote l industry has taken notice, as demonstrated by a push for consistent coverage criterions and industry best patterns coming from our industry roundtables in both Asia and North America. In that respect, run intoing contrivers and corporate contrivers are now bespeaking that hotels provide sustainability-related information ( such as energy usage or recycling policies ) . Third-party enfranchisement of green claims has become an of import portion of sustainability coverage, as demonstrated for case by Travelocity s Green Hotel Directory, which does non acknowledge self-certified hotels. Hotels are extremely dependent on fiscal public presentation and have to bank upon increased demand and cut downing the costs for endurance. Sustainable patterns can look selfless to the invitee, casting a positive visible radiation on a hotel. Besides, when applied right they are by and large cost-efficient with short periods of payback. The hotels who implement such steps are by and large financially sound as costs are recovered in a short clip and many a times frequently the long-run nest eggs are great. However, merely a little per centum of bing hotels have sustainability at the nucleus of their concern modus operandi that besides in organized sector. There are many benefits for a hotel with sustainable concern patterns: Additional gross through lower costs. Cost salvaging through cost-reduction steps. Easier funding because of lower long-run hazard. Greater attraction to loaners. Greater long-run fiscal stableness. Increased plus value because of long-run concern capableness. Long-run ability to remain in concern and be profitable. 7.3 Trends A ; challenges of the industry: Due to increased consciousness on the turning environmental debasement, society is going cognizant of the demand of following and implementing more effectual steps of environmental protection. Sustainable development has become a cardinal precedence and a challenge of clip. The issue of sustainability demands to be addressed at different degrees, in cooperation with academe, industry, policy shapers, the general populace and other stakeholders. The hotel industry has an of import duty in this procedure. The survey by Wang Jin zhao and Wang zing ( Shenyang University China ) in the Journal of Management Science A ; Engineering ( 2009 ) in has highlighted in the article issues, challenges A ; tendencies, that confronting Hospitality Industry has been taken in this chapter and as under 7.3.1 Issues in Hospitality Green Hospitality: Sustainable Development Calls for green cordial reception. Traveling green is a burgeoning issue in the cordial reception industry. Peoples are acute to look at sustainable solutions in a whole new manner. There has been a alteration in the perceptual experience of green ; it has gone from a periphery motion to mainstream. As a mark of its gaining popularity, one of the apprehended enterprises in India is Welcom Environment Programme by ITC Welcom Group of Hotels in add-on to others. Across the Earth assorted conferences on cordial reception are being held. The footing of sustainable cordial reception operation is a three-part balance, expressed as net incomes, people, and planet. By taking those three elements into history, therefore, a sustainable green cordial reception development plan becomes economically feasible, every bit good as good to the community and environment. Higher Education: Enormous alterations are taking topographic point in cordial reception industry which poses several challenges for transmutation of the whole educational procedure including educational course of study, larning stuffs, instructional patterns and instruction stakeholders. This includes reconstituting the acquisition procedure to reflect the usage of information in the existent universe, altering the function of the pedagogue from presenter of pre-packaged facts to facilitator of active acquisition and transforming the library specializer to an active confederate in course of study planning for effectual usage and handiness of information resources. Ministry of Tourism, Govt of India is supplying Hospitality A ; Tourism Education through National Council of Hotel Management, Indian Institute of Travel A ; Tourism Management and interestingly is Broad Biasing Hospitality A ; Tourism Education through Central Financial Assistance Scheme by giving a direct grant of Ru pees Two Crores to each University for offering cordial reception programmes under this strategy. In 2012 about 22 universities in India have been benefited and many more are likely to acquire. Indeed, pedagogues need to animate new aspirers and pitch them for industry demands. The new educational suppliers have besides been offering the undeniable demand for unfastened, flexible, distance and e- acquisition ; with universe category universities like IGNOU offering Hospitality A ; Tourism Programmes, as coaction undertaking NCHMCT A ; MOT, Govt. Of India ; and province universities like Uttarakhand Open University and others are advancing Hospitality A ; Tourism Programmes making to the unapproachable. Similarly organisations like AHLA, whose primary concern is non education but who installations to it with its educational institute. Labour Cost Issues: Labour disbursals continue to stay amongst the big disbursal points for cordial reception directors, accounting about about 40- 45 per centum of entire operating costs. Therefore, any tendency or issue that could potentially impact labour costs demands to be taken earnestly by cordial reception proprietors and directors likewise. Due to the magnitude of the disbursal, labor costs and issues have ever consumed a significant part of the clip and attempts of cordial reception directors. The cost of labor is the biggest disbursal in all classs of hotels. Even with the coming of select-service belongingss, cordial reception developers can non avoid the human constituent of cordial reception operations. While pull offing labour disbursals is of import, cordial reception directors besides needs to be cognizant that employees are an built-in portion of the cordial reception experience. The interaction between cordial reception invitees and employees has a important impac t on the client experience and the success of the concern operation. Therefore, a all right balance must be drawn between cost controls and guest satisfaction. Multicultural Issues: The newest tendencies and subjects environing cordial reception research and development is the direction of multicultural endowment in the cordial reception industry. With the development of globalisation, multicultural issues are confronting and upseting the industry operators. Bringing the far corners of the universe together is portion and package of what the cordial reception sector does. Blending comfortss to provide for the demands of the universe s different civilizations is cardinal to success for big, international cordial reception ironss. Cultural issues have neer earlier been such a important determiner of how a big cordial reception should run. In some Asiatic civilizations, for illustration, oculus contact is non sought, as it can do invitees experience uncomfortable, while in Western tradition it is equated with openness and honestness. This could be of import in specifying how staff addresses themselves to certain Asiatic invitees. 7.3.2 Challenges facing the Hospitality Industry: The assorted sorts of challenges confronted by the Hospitality Industry revolves around Economic Issues, Operating Issues, Marketing Issues and Technological Issues Operating Issues Human Resources: Deficits of human resources and their impact on the industry in about every geographic location are systematically among the most hard challenges noted by hotelkeepers. In many communities, cordial reception enlargement is limited non by capital, but instead by human resources. A shriveling labour force is the figure one challenge confronting the planetary cordial reception industry, harmonizing to the International Society of Hospitality Consultants, which late convened to brainstorm universe issues and rank them harmonizing to importance. The job of pulling and retaining qualified workers, one time an issue merely in an stray figure of markets, is progressively going a planetary challenge. Demography, pay degrees, failure to adequately address worker satisfaction and a repute for long hours and low wage are wholly cited as lending factors. Creative cordial reception professionals have begun to develop advanced schemes for capturing and maintaining high quality work ers. In India itself the research study by HVS International cites that ongoing demand for human resources is 3,20,000 and the trained manpower supply is 12,000 yearly through Govt. Institutes of Hotel Management. The Prime Minister s National Skill Development Council has articulated a vision that touristry sector will use extra 5 million skilled individuals by 2022. Recognizing the increasing importance of Tourism as an built-in portion of economic and developmental policy of India Ministry of Tourism Govt. of India has received the 12th Plan Allocation in Rupees 15,190 crore which is a significant addition over its 11th Plan size of Rupees 5156 crore. In order to run into the turning demands of Human Resources, Ministry of Tourism, Government of India has launched Hunar se Rozgar Programme with a mark to develop 1,07,800 people in 2016-17 against preparation of 53,800 forces in 2012-13 for the trade of Hospitality A ; Tourism. Cost Containment: Cordial receptions are progressively challenged to happen ways to cut down costs without giving the quality criterions imposed to systematically run into guest outlooks. The thought of making more with lupus erythematosus requires directors to believe about ways to run more efficaciously ( in other words to make the right things in the right manner ) and to analyze possibilities for cost nest eggs that will non impact the invitee s perceptual experience of value. Increased Competition: Hotels everyplace indicate that their community is overbuilt ; there are excessively many available cordial reception suites relative to the invitees wanting to lease them. The ensuing competition, which frequently involves monetary value cutting in attempts to supply greater value to invitees, educes still further the net incomes generated. A steep autumn in tenancy ratio in the aftermath of the planetary lag and tight competition among cordial reception operators in a shriveling market hold brought down cordial reception room rents drastically across the state. The competition has resulted in low tenancies and as a consequence, the mean room rate has taken a whipping of about 30 per centum in all major leisure markets. Suites are now sold non merely for less but besides bundled with bundles, like breakfast, airdrome transportations or a twenty-four hours s rubber-necking. Competition calls for invention in cordial reception industry. Selling Issues Market Segmentation and Overlapping Trade names: Market cleavage is increasing as housing ironss focus on a specific niche of travelers. Additionally, trade names overlap. Some industry perceivers are concerned that franchisers may spread out their figure of trade names to the point that investors who purchase from the same franchiser will be in direct competition with themselves! Besides, as the figure of trade names additions, the ability of consumers to distinguish between them decreases. Increased Guest Edification: Consumers have become more sophisticated and, as a consequence, so hold the types of merchandises and services that they desire. Comfortss, including concern centres, exercising and recreational installations, and guest-room inventions, addition costs but, if non carefully selected, may non appeal to many invitees being served by a specific belongings. Technological Issues The challenges of maintaining up with the fast gait of engineering is hard and expensive. Synergistic Reservation Systems: Guests can now utilize the Internet s synergistic reserve systems, and cordial reception companies are sometimes criticized for the ( alleged ) big figure of keyboard chinks required to do a reserve. The figure of reserves made via the Internet continues to increase. Surveys show that a good figure reserves are made through the Internet, and this per centum is increasing every twelvemonth. With such high per centum of reserves done through the Internet, cordial reception can non afford non being connected. If the possible invitee can non book online, a reserve will be made at the rival s web site. Guest-room Inventions: With Wisconsin fi connectivity, temper based lighting, pick of music, multiple telephone lines, synergistic chances for telling room service, modern ammenities and guest-room check-out are illustrations of comfortss that guests progressively desire, but that are really expensive to put in and implement. Data Mining This engineering allows selling and gross revenues forces to happen new ways to utilize guest-related informations. ( informations excavation: utilizing engineering to analyse invitee and other related informations to do better selling determinations. ) Output Management This computerized procedure allows directors to fit guest demand with room rates ( high demand means higher rates because of diminished price reductions ; low demand consequence in higher price reductions. ) ( yield direction: demand calculating systems designed to maximise gross by keeping rates high during times of high guest-room demand and by diminishing room rates during times of lower guest-room demand ) . Yield direction is critical to maximising a cordial reception s profitableness. The construct are applied to every gross section and across section. The output director s occupation is to maximise the gross per available room by selling suites to the right clients, at the right monetary value, at the right clip. Economic Issues Dependence upon the Nation s Economy When the state s economic system is good, concern travel by and large increases. Hospitality tenancy rates and single-foot rates increase, which consequences in higher net income degrees. The contrary is besides true: concern travel slows when the economic system slow. Then tenancy and rack rates decrease. Discounts to increase tenancy are offered, which yield lower grosss and net income lessenings. Globalization Globalization impacts the housing industry dramatically because it influences the extent of which people travel both within the state and around the universe. Therefore, it is non merely the economic system of the state, but besides the economic systems of single states, that play an progressively larger function in the fiscal success of lodging belongingss. To vie, they must pay closer attending to the tendencies of globalisation. The industry must reflect the demands of the planetary small town in many facets of its operations, including nutrient, services, comfortss, staffing policies and preparation. 7.3.3 Tendencies in Hospitality Industry: Rapid Growth in Vacation Ownership: Vacation ownership is the fastest turning section of the housing industry and is likely to go on turning as the babe boomers enter their 1950ss and 1960ss in the U.S.A.. The World Tourism Organization has called timeshares one of the fastest turning sectors of the travel and touristry industry. Cordial reception companies are adding trade name power to the construct with corporations like Marriott Vacation Club International, the Walt Disney Company, Hilton Hotels, Hyatt Hotels, Promus Embassy Suites, Inter-Continental and of all time Four Seasons take parting in an industry that has grown quickly in recent old ages. Integration A ; Globalization: Vertical integrating is a tendency that began a few old ages ago. Lodging companies realized that invitees adjustment demands were non merely at one degree ; instead, they seemed to change by monetary value and facilities/amenities. About all major lodging companies now have belongingss in each section of the market. The hereafter of the housing industry involves globalisation. Companies can non turn unless they venture beyond the United States. American cordial reception ironss and their direction techniques were in demand by many developing states who wanted premium-name hotel. An extended study of the status of the cordial reception would hold shown that significant sums of money would be necessary to keep the cordial reception s status. The cordial reception industry is therefore at the really nucleus of the globalisation of international concern. Cordial reception companies hence need to see the deductions of the planetary context in which they o perate and must be prepared to turn to the inquiries that arise from this altering environment. Globalization will finally touch virtually all facets of the cordial reception industry. Increasingly, clients, direction procedures, employees, merchandises, and beginnings of capital will be competed for and will travel across national boundaries. Competition in the hereafter will come from planetary entities with the advantages that globalization brings. New Management: The complex forces of capacity control, safety and security, capital motion, and engineering issues will necessitate a future direction cell that is able to accommodate to rapid-paced alteration across all the traditional maps of direction. The turning complexness of the customer/employee interaction, driven by engineering and the information age, will determine human resources demands in the hereafter. The client, armed with more information, will anticipate frontline and other cordial reception staff to be at least as knowing about the house s offerings as they are themselves. This will be hard in an industry characterized by low-skilled, low-paid forces and a high grade of cultural and behavioural diverseness among its employees. Visioning the hereafter: major forces driving alteration in the cordial reception industry considers seven countries decisive to the hereafter development of the industry. Each is examined to find the range and complexness of the issue an d the timing of its impact. That is assets and capital, wellness and safety, new direction, selling, distribution and capacity direction, engineering, sustainable development, societal issues Expanded function of Travel Intermediaries A ; Portals: The entry of Google has added a new dimension to hotel room distribution, since users can book straight from the hunt consequences page, alternatively of snaping through to another site. Traveling frontward, hotels may happen themselves being distributed much like bundle goods. Many invitees will travel to a travel purveyor for hotel suites, merely as they go to a nutrient market for food markets. Further, there have been installations extended to many states including India for developing free web sites by Google enabling little or even un organized hotels accessible on web. Mobile apps and RFID: Social media, which have grown exponentially in the past few old ages, will go on to be a force, but the large electronic development for hotel distribution and operations is nomadic devices, peculiarly those with radio frequence designation ( RFID ) french friess. Because of the singular dip in the cost of RFID, the survey by Cornell Research Centre anticipate that this will interrupt out as its ain tendency shortly plenty, and the combination of RFID and nomadic apps will let invitees to utilize their smart phones to book a room, cheque in, open their guestroom door, and settle their pagination all without direct contact with staff. Even without RFID, invitees usage of nomadic devices will make chances for invention by hotelkeepers, including new services and runing efficiencies. Following coevals globalisation: Not long ago, globalisation meant that hotel trade names from developed states expanded into developing states, whether through maestro franchises or by geting local houses. Globalization is now fluxing in the rearward way, as trade names from developing states are spread outing to developed states, every bit good as to other developing states. To call merely a few trade names, Taj Hotels from India has now operations in UK, US holding belongingss in Boston, New York, and San Francisco, every bit good as hotels in London and Sydney, Jumeirah from UAE now manages the Essex House in New York, every bit good as belongingss in London and Frankfurt ; Thus, globalisation will intend that hotel trade names criss-cross the Earth. 7.4 Eco Responsible Approaches in Hospitality Business In the touristry industry, hotels account for a important sum of the overall pollution generated by this sector. The potency of implementing more sustainable patterns in the hotel sector requires the handiness of dependable tools for appraisal and benchmarking of hotel environmental public presentation. A figure of such tools have been developed by international environmental organisations, subdivision associations and even hotel corporations. The assorted strategies differ with respect to geographical/climatic countries covered, types of hotel installations included, item of environmental information required, benchmarking methods, user-friendliness and execution cost. Green Hotels: In position of the deficit of resources on Earth, lifting consciousness of environmental protection, and ecological preservation, eco-friendly hotels shall be the reply for the above issues, so that natural resources can be recycled, re-used, and energy can be conserved. These are the future ends of the hotel adjustment industry. The term green hotel ( eco-friendly hotel ) was foremost introduced following the outgrowth of the above constructs. Eco-friendly Hotel Association ( 2000 ) was set up to make the green hotel demands that promote the economical usage of H2O and energy, and decrease of solid waste, so as to safeguard the Earth resources. Green Mountain State ( 2010 ) has focused on the creative activity of an eco-friendly environment, perchance leting for part from all staffs and invitees likewise. It carefully scrutinizes each country of the hotel operation to happen ways to cut down the impacts on the environment. It besides looks for ways to educate the popul ace, and to remind everyone that every spot counts no affair how bantam the part may be. At the same clip, it maintains its committedness to supply the sort of quality service that is expected by hotel invitees. The basic construct of a green hotel is a topographic point of adjustment that can supply eco-friendly services, but its chief end shall be focused on ways to keep its sustainable operation. Under the premiss of minimising the environmental impact, a green hotel shall be managed in such a manner to supply frequenters with a comfy, healthy, natural adjustment while its service quality is maintained. Development of Green Hotels: Eco-friendly or green hotels are developed under the construct of sustainable operation of the touristry industry. It shall be based on the capacity to prolong the ecological environment, and shall be in line with local economic development and local moralss. In add-on, it can run into the demands of modern-day people, but without jeopardizing the future coevalss. Furthermore, it shall be able to advance the local economic system, resource preservation, and protect the ecofriendly environment, therefore making a harmonious relationship with the nature. As the hotel adjustment is closely tied to the development of the touristry industry, when the diversion and leisure tendency is going progressively popular, increased demand for touristry will besides excite the demand for hotel adjustment. Harmonizing to the traditional feeling, hotels are topographic points that offer luxury adjustment and services. But, under the planetary environmental consciousness an d environmental protagonism, and following with the environmental direction demands, hotel services are now focused on cleaner production, eco-friendly services, and regular resource preservation. The construct of eco-friendly hotels came into being under the green corporate civilization and the above rules. With increasing attending on the environmental issues, and influenced by the construct of green hotels, hotels in every state are urged to implement the environmental direction and energy economy steps. The chief liquors of green hotels are to supply low-cost merchandises and services to run into the demands of the populace, to better the quality of life at the same clip, to cut down the ecological impact on the environment bit by bit throughout the life rhythm, and to cut down the ingestion of natural resource. At least, the gait of energy ingestion shall be reconciled with the Earth s loading capacity. Eco-friendly Hotels Association ( 2010 ) steadfastly supported the green enterprises through encouragement and publicity of the green hotel services. Through appropriate direction of the natural resources, the green hotel construct can be applied to the hotel adjustment industry. The Green Practices in Hotels include: Committedness to Environmental Practices: ( By explicating Environmental Committees, Developing Strategies, Plan of Action, Manuals, explicating green squads, supervising environmental public presentation, pass oning visibleness of environmental patterns to invitees, interest holders, staff, sellers A ; public ) Energy Efficiency A ; Conservation: ( Installing tenancy detectors, usage of energy efficiency equipments, applications of surrogate energy beginnings, proper HVAC care, energy efficient designs, edifices A ; building forms ) Lighting: ( Installing programmable detectors, usage of reminder cards, commissariats for natural visible radiations, application of dimmer controls, usage of CFL and other such energy efficient lamps ) Landscape: ( Sprinkler irrigation systems, recycled H2O, trickle irrigation methods, usage of drouth resistant workss, grouping of tolerant workss, use of organic fertilisers ) Pull offing Hazardous A ; Toxic Substances: ( Proper commissariats and instructions for storing, usage of least toxic merchandises, small or no phosphates laundry merchandises, usage of rhenium indictable batteries ) Pest Management: ( Implementation of green integrated pest direction programme, application of organic insect powders, use of traps A ; barriers and discretion of strong and harmful chemicals ) Buying: ( Making environmental buying policy, advancing usage of recycled merchandises, promoting purchase of energy efficient equipments, penchant to environmentally responsible providers, appreciating organic and local but choice merchandises ) Recycling A ; Reuse: ( set uping good defined recycling policy, optimal usage of glass, plastic, aluminum, tins, paper, card boards and equal recycling, promoting usage of electronic files ) Transportation system: ( promoting usage of by rhythms, promoting pooling, auto sharing, walking, offering hotel bird in nearby countries, discriminatory parking to alternative manners of conveyances such as bio Diesel, electric, intercrossed vehicles ) Water Efficiency A ; Conservation: ( Re topographic point urinals with limited or no flush eco urinals, put ining low floor shower caputs and faucet aerators, encouraging H2O preservation both by employees and invitees, implementing optional linen and towel rhenium usage programme, look intoing escapes, application of engineering for H2O preservation like detectors ) 7.5 Enhancing the Guest Experiences Responsibly 7.6 Green Enterprises: Guest Demands and Credences 7.7 Lashkar-e-taibas Sum Up: The sustainability shall be the on-going issue of argument and research in cordial reception A ; touristry industry. This unit has included contents as is or with minor amendments from the articles of from Journal of Management, Science A ; Engineering, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Cornell Hotel A ; Restaurant Quarterly, Hotel Year Book, Journal of Retail and Leisure Property, International Journal of Hospitality A ; Tourism Systems and all others publications which have been considered straight or indirectly. We are grateful to them and admit their venerable support for this unit. Check your advancement: Write a short note on Sustainability, Tourism A ; Hospitality What are the latest tendencies A ; challenges on sustainability in the cordial reception industry? How can we heighten the guest experience responsibly? What are the guest demands on sustainable merchandises? 7.8 Hints to Answers